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3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine (T3D0040)
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Version | 2.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Creation Date | 2009-03-06 18:57:58 UTC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:20:57 UTC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accession Number | T3D0040 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Identification | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common Name | 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Class | Small Molecule | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Description | 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine is a manufactured chemical used in pigments for printing inks, textiles, plastics and enamels, paint, leather, and rubber. (4) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Compound Type |
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Chemical Structure | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Synonyms |
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Chemical Formula | C12H10Cl2N2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Average Molecular Mass | 253.127 g/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Monoisotopic Mass | 252.022 g/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CAS Registry Number | 91-94-1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IUPAC Name | 4-(4-amino-3-chlorophenyl)-2-chloroaniline | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Traditional Name | 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SMILES | NC1=CC=C(C=C1Cl)C1=CC=C(N)C(Cl)=C1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C12H10Cl2N2/c13-9-5-7(1-3-11(9)15)8-2-4-12(16)10(14)6-8/h1-6H,15-16H2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
InChI Key | InChIKey=HUWXDEQWWKGHRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chemical Taxonomy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Description | belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3,3'-disubstituted benzidines. These are organic compounds containing a benzidine skeleton, which is substituted only at the 3- and 3'-positions. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kingdom | Organic compounds | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Super Class | Benzenoids | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Class | Benzene and substituted derivatives | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sub Class | Biphenyls and derivatives | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Direct Parent | 3,3'-disubstituted benzidines | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alternative Parents | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Substituents |
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Molecular Framework | Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
External Descriptors |
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Biological Properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Status | Detected and Not Quantified | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Origin | Exogenous | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cellular Locations |
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Biofluid Locations | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tissue Locations | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pathways | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Applications | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Biological Roles | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chemical Roles | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Physical Properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
State | Solid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Appearance | Gray to purple crystalline solid. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Experimental Properties |
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Predicted Properties |
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Spectra | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spectra |
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Toxicity Profile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Route of Exposure | Oral (4) ; inhalation (4) ; dermal (4) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mechanism of Toxicity | 3,3’-Dichlorobenzidine's mechanism of toxicity derives mainly from the adduction of DNA by its metabolites. The formation of nitroso derivatives during metabolism, yielding a sulfinic acid amide with hemoglobin in erythrocytes, is suggested to be a mechanism for this adduct formation. 3,3’-Dichlorobenzidine can act on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor to induce the activity of cytochrome p-450 enzymes, which metabolize 3,3’-dichlorobenzidine, along with other polyhalogenated aromatics, into their toxic intermediates. (4, 1, 2) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Metabolism | 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine is absorbed via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal routes. The major path of metabolism is believed to be N-acetylation via hepatic N-acetyltransferases, producing metabolites such as N-acetyl-3,3’-dichlorobenzidine and N,N-diacetyl-3,3’-dichlorobenzidine. 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine may also be activated to toxic intermediates by certain cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases. Metabolites are excreted primarily in urine and to a lesser extent in faeces. (4) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Toxicity Values | LD50: 8 g/kg (Dermal, Rat) (3) LD50: 3.82 g/kg (Oral, Rat) (3) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lethal Dose | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | 2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (5) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Uses/Sources | 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine is used in pigments for printing inks, textiles, plastics and enamels, paint, leather, and rubber. (4) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Minimum Risk Level | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Health Effects | The salt form of 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine may cause respiratory infections, stomach upset, and dermatitis. 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine is also believed to be a possible carcinogen. (4) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Symptoms | The salt form of 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine may cause sore throat, respiratory infections, stomach upset, headache, dizziness, caustic burns, and dermatitis. (4) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Treatment | Treatment for 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine poisoning is usually supportive. (4) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Normal Concentrations | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abnormal Concentrations | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
External Links | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
DrugBank ID | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
HMDB ID | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PubChem Compound ID | 7070 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ChEMBL ID | CHEMBL314470 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ChemSpider ID | 6803 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
KEGG ID | C19225 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
UniProt ID | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
OMIM ID | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ChEBI ID | 25520 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
BioCyc ID | CPD-801 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CTD ID | D015101 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stitch ID | 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PDB ID | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ACToR ID | 435 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Wikipedia Link | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Synthesis Reference | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
MSDS | T3D0040.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General References |
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Gene Regulation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Up-Regulated Genes | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Down-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
Targets
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Nuclear hormone receptor. The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Ligand-dependent nuclear transactivation involves either direct homodimer binding to a palindromic estrogen response element (ERE) sequence or association with other DNA-binding transcription factors, such as AP-1/c-Jun, c-Fos, ATF-2, Sp1 and Sp3, to mediate ERE-independent signaling. Ligand binding induces a conformational change allowing subsequent or combinatorial association with multiprotein coactivator complexes through LXXLL motifs of their respective components. Mutual transrepression occurs between the estrogen receptor (ER) and NF-kappa-B in a cell-type specific manner. Decreases NF-kappa-B DNA-binding activity and inhibits NF-kappa-B-mediated transcription from the IL6 promoter and displace RELA/p65 and associated coregulators from the promoter. Recruited to the NF-kappa-B response element of the CCL2 and IL8 promoters and can displace CREBBP. Present with NF-kappa-B components RELA/p65 and NFKB1/p50 on ERE sequences. Can also act synergistically with NF-kappa-B to activate transcription involving respective recruitment adjacent response elements; the function involves CREBBP. Can activate the transcriptional activity of TFF1. Also mediates membrane-initiated estrogen signaling involving various kinase cascades. Isoform 3 is involved in activation of NOS3 and endothelial nitric oxide production. Isoforms lacking one or several functional domains are thought to modulate transcriptional activity by competitive ligand or DNA binding and/or heterodimerization with the full length receptor. Essential for MTA1-mediated transcriptional regulation of BRCA1 and BCAS3. Isoform 3 can bind to ERE and inhibit isoform 1.
- Gene Name:
- ESR1
- Uniprot ID:
- P03372
- Molecular Weight:
- 66215.45 Da
References
- Taccone-Gallucci M, Manca-di-Villahermosa S, Battistini L, Stuffler RG, Tedesco M, Maccarrone M: N-3 PUFAs reduce oxidative stress in ESRD patients on maintenance HD by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase activity. Kidney Int. 2006 Apr;69(8):1450-4. [16531984 ]
- Luft S, Milki E, Glustrom E, Ampiah-Bonney R, O'Hara P. Binding of Organochloride and Pyrethroid Pesticides To Estrogen Receptors α and β: A Fluorescence Polarization Assay. Biophysical Journal 2009;96(3):444a.
2. DNA
- General Function:
- Used for biological information storage.
- Specific Function:
- DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce.
- Molecular Weight:
- 2.15 x 1012 Da
References
- Sabbioni G, Schutze D: Hemoglobin binding of bicyclic aromatic amines. Chem Res Toxicol. 1998 May;11(5):471-83. [9585478 ]
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1998). Toxicological profile for 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Nuclear hormone receptor. Binds estrogens with an affinity similar to that of ESR1, and activates expression of reporter genes containing estrogen response elements (ERE) in an estrogen-dependent manner (PubMed:20074560). Isoform beta-cx lacks ligand binding ability and has no or only very low ere binding activity resulting in the loss of ligand-dependent transactivation ability. DNA-binding by ESR1 and ESR2 is rapidly lost at 37 degrees Celsius in the absence of ligand while in the presence of 17 beta-estradiol and 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen loss in DNA-binding at elevated temperature is more gradual.
- Gene Name:
- ESR2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q92731
- Molecular Weight:
- 59215.765 Da
References
- Taccone-Gallucci M, Manca-di-Villahermosa S, Battistini L, Stuffler RG, Tedesco M, Maccarrone M: N-3 PUFAs reduce oxidative stress in ESRD patients on maintenance HD by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase activity. Kidney Int. 2006 Apr;69(8):1450-4. [16531984 ]
- Luft S, Milki E, Glustrom E, Ampiah-Bonney R, O'Hara P. Binding of Organochloride and Pyrethroid Pesticides To Estrogen Receptors α and β: A Fluorescence Polarization Assay. Biophysical Journal 2009;96(3):444a.
- General Function:
- Oxygen transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues.
- Gene Name:
- HBA1
- Uniprot ID:
- P69905
- Molecular Weight:
- 15257.405 Da
References
- Sabbioni G, Schutze D: Hemoglobin binding of bicyclic aromatic amines. Chem Res Toxicol. 1998 May;11(5):471-83. [9585478 ]
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1998). Toxicological profile for 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Oxygen transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues.LVV-hemorphin-7 potentiates the activity of bradykinin, causing a decrease in blood pressure.Spinorphin: functions as an endogenous inhibitor of enkephalin-degrading enzymes such as DPP3, and as a selective antagonist of the P2RX3 receptor which is involved in pain signaling, these properties implicate it as a regulator of pain and inflammation.
- Gene Name:
- HBB
- Uniprot ID:
- P68871
- Molecular Weight:
- 15998.34 Da
References
- Sabbioni G, Schutze D: Hemoglobin binding of bicyclic aromatic amines. Chem Res Toxicol. 1998 May;11(5):471-83. [9585478 ]
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1998). Toxicological profile for 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Oxygen transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues.
- Gene Name:
- HBD
- Uniprot ID:
- P02042
- Molecular Weight:
- 16055.41 Da
References
- Sabbioni G, Schutze D: Hemoglobin binding of bicyclic aromatic amines. Chem Res Toxicol. 1998 May;11(5):471-83. [9585478 ]
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1998). Toxicological profile for 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Oxygen transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- The epsilon chain is a beta-type chain of early mammalian embryonic hemoglobin.
- Gene Name:
- HBE1
- Uniprot ID:
- P02100
- Molecular Weight:
- 16202.71 Da
References
- Sabbioni G, Schutze D: Hemoglobin binding of bicyclic aromatic amines. Chem Res Toxicol. 1998 May;11(5):471-83. [9585478 ]
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1998). Toxicological profile for 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Oxygen transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Gamma chains make up the fetal hemoglobin F, in combination with alpha chains.
- Gene Name:
- HBG1
- Uniprot ID:
- P69891
- Molecular Weight:
- 16140.37 Da
References
- Sabbioni G, Schutze D: Hemoglobin binding of bicyclic aromatic amines. Chem Res Toxicol. 1998 May;11(5):471-83. [9585478 ]
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1998). Toxicological profile for 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Gamma chains make up the fetal hemoglobin F, in combination with alpha chains.
- Specific Function:
- Heme binding
- Gene Name:
- HBG2
- Uniprot ID:
- P69892
- Molecular Weight:
- 16126.35 Da
References
- Sabbioni G, Schutze D: Hemoglobin binding of bicyclic aromatic amines. Chem Res Toxicol. 1998 May;11(5):471-83. [9585478 ]
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1998). Toxicological profile for 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Oxygen transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Not Available
- Gene Name:
- HBM
- Uniprot ID:
- Q6B0K9
- Molecular Weight:
- 15617.97 Da
References
- Sabbioni G, Schutze D: Hemoglobin binding of bicyclic aromatic amines. Chem Res Toxicol. 1998 May;11(5):471-83. [9585478 ]
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1998). Toxicological profile for 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Oxygen transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Not Available
- Gene Name:
- HBQ1
- Uniprot ID:
- P09105
- Molecular Weight:
- 15507.575 Da
References
- Sabbioni G, Schutze D: Hemoglobin binding of bicyclic aromatic amines. Chem Res Toxicol. 1998 May;11(5):471-83. [9585478 ]
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1998). Toxicological profile for 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Oxygen transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- The zeta chain is an alpha-type chain of mammalian embryonic hemoglobin.
- Gene Name:
- HBZ
- Uniprot ID:
- P02008
- Molecular Weight:
- 15636.845 Da
References
- Sabbioni G, Schutze D: Hemoglobin binding of bicyclic aromatic amines. Chem Res Toxicol. 1998 May;11(5):471-83. [9585478 ]
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1998). Toxicological profile for 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Steroid hormone receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Transcription factor activity is modulated by bound coactivator and corepressor proteins. Transcription activation is down-regulated by NR0B2. Activated, but not phosphorylated, by HIPK3 and ZIPK/DAPK3.
- Gene Name:
- AR
- Uniprot ID:
- P10275
- Molecular Weight:
- 98987.9 Da
References
- Araki N, Ohno K, Nakai M, Takeyoshi M, Iida M: Screening for androgen receptor activities in 253 industrial chemicals by in vitro reporter gene assays using AR-EcoScreen cells. Toxicol In Vitro. 2005 Sep;19(6):831-42. [15950433 ]
- General Function:
- Transcription regulatory region dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Ligand-activated transcriptional activator. Binds to the XRE promoter region of genes it activates. Activates the expression of multiple phase I and II xenobiotic chemical metabolizing enzyme genes (such as the CYP1A1 gene). Mediates biochemical and toxic effects of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. Involved in cell-cycle regulation. Likely to play an important role in the development and maturation of many tissues. Regulates the circadian clock by inhibiting the basal and circadian expression of the core circadian component PER1. Inhibits PER1 by repressing the CLOCK-ARNTL/BMAL1 heterodimer mediated transcriptional activation of PER1.
- Gene Name:
- AHR
- Uniprot ID:
- P35869
- Molecular Weight:
- 96146.705 Da
References
- Cikryt P, Josephy PD: Binding of chlorinated benzidines to the rat hepatic aromatic hydrocarbon receptor. Chem Biol Interact. 1989;72(1-2):57-64. [2555073 ]
- General Function:
- Signal transducer activity
- Specific Function:
- This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of the calcium.
- Gene Name:
- ATP2C1
- Uniprot ID:
- P98194
- Molecular Weight:
- 100576.42 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Metal ion binding
- Specific Function:
- This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of calcium.
- Gene Name:
- ATP2C2
- Uniprot ID:
- O75185
- Molecular Weight:
- 103186.475 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine. Functions as receptor for diazepines and various anesthetics, such as pentobarbital; these are bound at a separate allosteric effector binding site. Functions as ligand-gated chloride channel (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- GABRA1
- Uniprot ID:
- P14867
- Molecular Weight:
- 51801.395 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRA2
- Uniprot ID:
- P47869
- Molecular Weight:
- 51325.85 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRA3
- Uniprot ID:
- P34903
- Molecular Weight:
- 55164.055 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRA4
- Uniprot ID:
- P48169
- Molecular Weight:
- 61622.645 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRA5
- Uniprot ID:
- P31644
- Molecular Weight:
- 52145.645 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRA6
- Uniprot ID:
- Q16445
- Molecular Weight:
- 51023.69 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine. Functions as receptor for diazepines and various anesthetics, such as pentobarbital; these are bound at a separate allosteric effector binding site. Functions as ligand-gated chloride channel (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- GABRB1
- Uniprot ID:
- P18505
- Molecular Weight:
- 54234.085 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine. Functions as receptor for diazepines and various anesthetics, such as pentobarbital; these are bound at a separate allosteric effector binding site. Functions as ligand-gated chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRB2
- Uniprot ID:
- P47870
- Molecular Weight:
- 59149.895 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Gaba-gated chloride ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine. Functions as receptor for diazepines and various anesthetics, such as pentobarbital; these are bound at a separate allosteric effector binding site. Functions as ligand-gated chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRB3
- Uniprot ID:
- P28472
- Molecular Weight:
- 54115.04 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Gaba-a receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRD
- Uniprot ID:
- O14764
- Molecular Weight:
- 50707.835 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRE
- Uniprot ID:
- P78334
- Molecular Weight:
- 57971.175 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRG1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q8N1C3
- Molecular Weight:
- 53594.49 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine. Functions as receptor for diazepines and various anesthetics, such as pentobarbital; these are bound at a separate allosteric effector binding site. Functions as ligand-gated chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRG2
- Uniprot ID:
- P18507
- Molecular Weight:
- 54161.78 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRG3
- Uniprot ID:
- Q99928
- Molecular Weight:
- 54288.16 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Gaba-a receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel. In the uterus, the function of the receptor appears to be related to tissue contractility. The binding of this pI subunit with other GABA(A) receptor subunits alters the sensitivity of recombinant receptors to modulatory agents such as pregnanolone.
- Gene Name:
- GABRP
- Uniprot ID:
- O00591
- Molecular Weight:
- 50639.735 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Gaba-a receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel. Rho-1 GABA receptor could play a role in retinal neurotransmission.
- Gene Name:
- GABRR1
- Uniprot ID:
- P24046
- Molecular Weight:
- 55882.91 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Gaba-a receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel. Rho-2 GABA receptor could play a role in retinal neurotransmission.
- Gene Name:
- GABRR2
- Uniprot ID:
- P28476
- Molecular Weight:
- 54150.41 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Gaba-a receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRR3
- Uniprot ID:
- A8MPY1
- Molecular Weight:
- 54271.1 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Transmembrane signaling receptor activity
- Specific Function:
- GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
- Gene Name:
- GABRQ
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9UN88
- Molecular Weight:
- 72020.875 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Pdz domain binding
- Specific Function:
- This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of calcium out of the cell.
- Gene Name:
- ATP2B1
- Uniprot ID:
- P20020
- Molecular Weight:
- 138754.045 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Protein c-terminus binding
- Specific Function:
- This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of calcium out of the cell.
- Gene Name:
- ATP2B2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q01814
- Molecular Weight:
- 136875.18 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Pdz domain binding
- Specific Function:
- This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of calcium out of the cell.
- Gene Name:
- ATP2B3
- Uniprot ID:
- Q16720
- Molecular Weight:
- 134196.025 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Scaffold protein binding
- Specific Function:
- Calcium/calmodulin-regulated and magnesium-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of calcium out of the cell (PubMed:8530416). By regulating sperm cell calcium homeostasis, may play a role in sperm motility (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- ATP2B4
- Uniprot ID:
- P23634
- Molecular Weight:
- 137919.03 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Protein homodimerization activity
- Specific Function:
- Key regulator of striated muscle performance by acting as the major Ca(2+) ATPase responsible for the reuptake of cytosolic Ca(2+) into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the translocation of calcium from the cytosol to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen. Contributes to calcium sequestration involved in muscular excitation/contraction.
- Gene Name:
- ATP2A1
- Uniprot ID:
- O14983
- Molecular Weight:
- 110251.36 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- S100 protein binding
- Specific Function:
- This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the translocation of calcium from the cytosol to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen. Isoform 2 is involved in the regulation of the contraction/relaxation cycle.
- Gene Name:
- ATP2A2
- Uniprot ID:
- P16615
- Molecular Weight:
- 114755.765 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Metal ion binding
- Specific Function:
- This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of calcium. Transports calcium ions from the cytosol into the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum lumen. Contributes to calcium sequestration involved in muscular excitation/contraction.
- Gene Name:
- ATP2A3
- Uniprot ID:
- Q93084
- Molecular Weight:
- 113976.23 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Steroid hormone binding
- Specific Function:
- This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium ions, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients.
- Gene Name:
- ATP1A1
- Uniprot ID:
- P05023
- Molecular Weight:
- 112895.01 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Steroid hormone binding
- Specific Function:
- This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients.
- Gene Name:
- ATP1A2
- Uniprot ID:
- P50993
- Molecular Weight:
- 112264.385 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Steroid hormone binding
- Specific Function:
- This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium ions, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients.
- Gene Name:
- ATP1A3
- Uniprot ID:
- P13637
- Molecular Weight:
- 111747.51 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Sodium:potassium-exchanging atpase activity
- Specific Function:
- This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium ions, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients. Plays a role in sperm motility.
- Gene Name:
- ATP1A4
- Uniprot ID:
- Q13733
- Molecular Weight:
- 114165.44 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Sodium:potassium-exchanging atpase activity
- Specific Function:
- This is the non-catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane. The beta subunit regulates, through assembly of alpha/beta heterodimers, the number of sodium pumps transported to the plasma membrane.Involved in cell adhesion and establishing epithelial cell polarity.
- Gene Name:
- ATP1B1
- Uniprot ID:
- P05026
- Molecular Weight:
- 35061.07 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Sodium:potassium-exchanging atpase activity
- Specific Function:
- This is the non-catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane. The exact function of the beta-2 subunit is not known.Mediates cell adhesion of neurons and astrocytes, and promotes neurite outgrowth.
- Gene Name:
- ATP1B2
- Uniprot ID:
- P14415
- Molecular Weight:
- 33366.925 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Sodium:potassium-exchanging atpase activity
- Specific Function:
- This is the non-catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane. The exact function of the beta-3 subunit is not known.
- Gene Name:
- ATP1B3
- Uniprot ID:
- P54709
- Molecular Weight:
- 31512.34 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.
- General Function:
- Transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- May be involved in forming the receptor site for cardiac glycoside binding or may modulate the transport function of the sodium ATPase.
- Gene Name:
- FXYD2
- Uniprot ID:
- P54710
- Molecular Weight:
- 7283.265 Da
References
- Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, and Watkins JB (2003). Casarett and Doull's essentials of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill/Medical Pub. Div.