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Nickel (T3D0053)
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Version | 2.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Creation Date | 2009-03-06 18:57:59 UTC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:20:59 UTC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Accession Number | T3D0053 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Identification | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common Name | Nickel | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Class | Small Molecule | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Description | Nickel is a solid, silver-white, hard, malleable transition metal with an atomic number of 28. It resists corrosion even at high temperatures. It is present in many alloys in widespread use, including stainless steels. It may also be present as an impurity in any alloy. Nickel is used in the production of coins, jewellery, and nickel-cadmium batteries, and as a catalyst for the hydrogenation of liquid oils to solid fats such as oleomargarine and vegetable shortening. Nickel-containing dental alloys continue to be used successfully in the provision of various forms of dental care. Many of these alloys have applications in the construction of restorations designed to remain in clinical service for many years, including crowns, fixed bridgework, and removable partial dentures. Furthermore, nickel containing alloys find extensive application in orthodontics, including metallic brackets, arch wires, bands, springs and ligature wires. Many instruments and devises, for example, endodontic instruments also contain nickel. Allergic responses are mediated through the immune system. In a sensitized individual, allergic responses can be initiated by relatively small amounts of the allergen; for example, if nickel ions are released from a nickel plated material following direct and prolonged contact with the skin. Individuals are first sensitized to the allergen. Subsequent exposures, if sufficiently high, may then result in an allergic reaction. A number of allergens are used in the clinical practice of dentistry, notably eugenol, mercury, nickel, chromium, cobalt, components of resin-based materials and a host of other chemical agents. The majority of dental allergies, including allergic responses to nickel-containing dental alloys, comprise Type IV hypersensitivity reactions, cell-mediated by T-lymphocytes. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body.(7, 8). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Compound Type |
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Chemical Structure | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Synonyms |
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Chemical Formula | Ni | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Average Molecular Mass | 58.692 g/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Monoisotopic Mass | 57.934 g/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CAS Registry Number | 7440-02-0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IUPAC Name | nickel(2+) ion | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Traditional Name | nickel(2+) ion | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SMILES | [Ni++] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/Ni/q+2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
InChI Key | InChIKey=VEQPNABPJHWNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chemical Taxonomy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Description | belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as homogeneous transition metal compounds. These are inorganic compounds containing only metal atoms,with the largest atom being a transition metal atom. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kingdom | Inorganic compounds | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Super Class | Homogeneous metal compounds | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Class | Homogeneous transition metal compounds | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sub Class | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Direct Parent | Homogeneous transition metal compounds | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alternative Parents | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Substituents |
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Molecular Framework | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
External Descriptors |
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Biological Properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Status | Detected and Not Quantified | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Origin | Exogenous | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cellular Locations |
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Biofluid Locations | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tissue Locations | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pathways | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Applications | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Biological Roles | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chemical Roles | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Physical Properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
State | Solid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Appearance | Silvery-white metallic solid. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Experimental Properties |
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Predicted Properties |
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Spectra | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spectra |
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Toxicity Profile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Route of Exposure | Oral (14) ; inhalation (14) ; dermal (14) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mechanism of Toxicity | Nickel is known to substitute for other essential elements in certain enzmes, such as calcineurin. It is genotoxic, and some nickel compounds have been shown to promote cell proliferation. Nickel has a high affinity for chromatin proteins, particularly histones and protamines. The complexing of nickel ions with heterochromatin results in a number of alterations including condensation, DNA hypermethylation, gene silencing, and inhibition of histone acetylation, which have been shown to disturb gene expression. Nickel has also been shown to alter several transcription factors, including hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, activating transcription factor, and NF-KB transcription factor. There is also evidence that nickel ions inhibit DNA repair, either by directly inhibiting DNA repair enzymes or competing with zinc ions for binding to zinc-finger DNA binding proteins, resulting in structural changes in DNA that prevent repair enzymes from binding. Nickel ions can also complex with a number of cellular ligands including amino acids, peptides, and proteins resulting in the generation of oxygen radicals, which induce base damage, DNA strand breaks, and DNA protein crosslinks. (14, 1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Metabolism | Nickel is absorbed mainly through the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Once in the body it enters the bloodstream, where it binds to albumin, L-histidine, and α2-macroglobulin. Nickel tends to accumulate in the lungs, thyroid, kidney, heart, and liver. Absorbed nickel is excreted in the urine, whereas unabsorbed nickel is excreted in the faeces. (14) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Toxicity Values | LD50: 250 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Rat) (12) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lethal Dose | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | Metallic nickel is possibly carcinogenic to humons (Group 2B). Nickel compounds are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). (17) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Uses/Sources | Pure nickel is mainly used to make alloys, which are found in items such as coins, jewelry, valves and heat exchangers. Nickel compounds are used for nickel plating, to color ceramics, to make some batteries, and as catalysts. (14) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Minimum Risk Level | Intermediate Inhalation: 0.0002 mg/m3 (16) Chronic Inhalation: 0.00009 mg/m3 (16) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Health Effects | The most common harmful health effect of nickel in humans is an allergic reaction. This usually manifests as a skin rash, although some people experience asthma attacks. Long term inhahation of nickel causes chronic bronchitis and reduced lung function, as well as damage to the naval cavity. Ingestion of excess nickel results in damage to the stomach, blood, liver, kidneys, and immune system, as well as having adverse effects on reproduction and development. (14) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Symptoms | Symptoms of nickel poisoning include headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, irritability, and difficulty sleeping, followed by chest pains, sweating, rapid heart beat, and a dry cough. (15) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Treatment | Excess exposure to nickel is usually handled by preventing further exposure and symptomatic treatment. Nickel poisoning may also be treated using chelation therapy with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. (15) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Normal Concentrations | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abnormal Concentrations | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
External Links | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
DrugBank ID | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
HMDB ID | HMDB02457 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PubChem Compound ID | 934 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ChEMBL ID | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ChemSpider ID | 909 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
KEGG ID | C19609 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
UniProt ID | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
OMIM ID | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ChEBI ID | 49786 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
BioCyc ID | CPD-7425 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CTD ID | D009532 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stitch ID | Nickel | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PDB ID | NI | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ACToR ID | 946 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Wikipedia Link | Nickel | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Synthesis Reference | Lightner, David A.; Crist, B. Vincent; Kalyanam, Nagabushanam; May, Leslie M.; Jackman, Dennis E. The octant rule. 15. Antioctant effects: synthesis and circular dichroism of 2-exo- and 2-endo-alkylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-7-ones and bicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-one | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
MSDS | T3D0053.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General References |
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Gene Regulation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Up-Regulated Genes |
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Down-Regulated Genes |
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Targets
- General Function:
- Transcription regulatory region sequence-specific dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Histone demethylase that specifically demethylates 'Lys-9' of histone H3, thereby playing a central role in histone code. Preferentially demethylates mono- and dimethylated H3 'Lys-9' residue, with a preference for dimethylated residue, while it has weak or no activity on trimethylated H3 'Lys-9'. Demethylation of Lys residue generates formaldehyde and succinate. Involved in hormone-dependent transcriptional activation, by participating in recruitment to androgen-receptor target genes, resulting in H3 'Lys-9' demethylation and transcriptional activation. Involved in spermatogenesis by regulating expression of target genes such as PRM1 and TMP1 which are required for packaging and condensation of sperm chromatin. Involved in obesity resistance through regulation of metabolic genes such as PPARA and UCP1.
- Gene Name:
- KDM3A
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9Y4C1
- Molecular Weight:
- 147339.98 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
Type | Value | Assay Type | Assay Source |
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IC50 | 25 uM | Not Available | BindingDB 50361477 |
References
- Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
- Suzuki T, Miyata N: Lysine demethylases inhibitors. J Med Chem. 2011 Dec 22;54(24):8236-50. doi: 10.1021/jm201048w. Epub 2011 Oct 7. [21955276 ]
- General Function:
- Ferrous iron binding
- Specific Function:
- Dioxygenase that repairs alkylated DNA and RNA containing 1-methyladenine and 3-methylcytosine by oxidative demethylation. Can also repair alkylated DNA containing 1-ethenoadenine (in vitro). Has strong preference for double-stranded DNA. Has low efficiency with single-stranded substrates. Requires molecular oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate and iron.
- Gene Name:
- ALKBH2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q6NS38
- Molecular Weight:
- 29322.22 Da
References
- Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
- General Function:
- L-ascorbic acid binding
- Specific Function:
- Dioxygenase that repairs alkylated DNA containing 1-methyladenine (1meA) and 3-methylcytosine (3meC) by oxidative demethylation. Has a strong preference for single-stranded DNA. Able to process alkylated 3mC within double-stranded regions via its interaction with ASCC3, which promotes DNA unwinding to generate single-stranded substrate needed for ALKHB3. May also act on RNA. Requires molecular oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate and iron.
- Gene Name:
- ALKBH3
- Uniprot ID:
- Q96Q83
- Molecular Weight:
- 33374.495 Da
References
- Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
- General Function:
- Transition metal ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Functions as a cell surface receptor and performs physiological functions on the surface of neurons relevant to neurite growth, neuronal adhesion and axonogenesis. Involved in cell mobility and transcription regulation through protein-protein interactions. Can promote transcription activation through binding to APBB1-KAT5 and inhibits Notch signaling through interaction with Numb. Couples to apoptosis-inducing pathways such as those mediated by G(O) and JIP. Inhibits G(o) alpha ATPase activity (By similarity). Acts as a kinesin I membrane receptor, mediating the axonal transport of beta-secretase and presenilin 1. Involved in copper homeostasis/oxidative stress through copper ion reduction. In vitro, copper-metallated APP induces neuronal death directly or is potentiated through Cu(2+)-mediated low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Can regulate neurite outgrowth through binding to components of the extracellular matrix such as heparin and collagen I and IV. The splice isoforms that contain the BPTI domain possess protease inhibitor activity. Induces a AGER-dependent pathway that involves activation of p38 MAPK, resulting in internalization of amyloid-beta peptide and leading to mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured cortical neurons. Provides Cu(2+) ions for GPC1 which are required for release of nitric oxide (NO) and subsequent degradation of the heparan sulfate chains on GPC1.Beta-amyloid peptides are lipophilic metal chelators with metal-reducing activity. Bind transient metals such as copper, zinc and iron. In vitro, can reduce Cu(2+) and Fe(3+) to Cu(+) and Fe(2+), respectively. Beta-amyloid 42 is a more effective reductant than beta-amyloid 40. Beta-amyloid peptides bind to lipoproteins and apolipoproteins E and J in the CSF and to HDL particles in plasma, inhibiting metal-catalyzed oxidation of lipoproteins. Beta-APP42 may activate mononuclear phagocytes in the brain and elicit inflammatory responses. Promotes both tau aggregation and TPK II-mediated phosphorylation. Interaction with overexpressed HADH2 leads to oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. Also binds GPC1 in lipid rafts.Appicans elicit adhesion of neural cells to the extracellular matrix and may regulate neurite outgrowth in the brain.The gamma-CTF peptides as well as the caspase-cleaved peptides, including C31, are potent enhancers of neuronal apoptosis.N-APP binds TNFRSF21 triggering caspase activation and degeneration of both neuronal cell bodies (via caspase-3) and axons (via caspase-6).
- Gene Name:
- APP
- Uniprot ID:
- P05067
- Molecular Weight:
- 86942.715 Da
References
- da Silva GF, Tay WM, Ming LJ: Catechol oxidase-like oxidation chemistry of the 1-20 and 1-16 fragments of Alzheimer's disease-related beta-amyloid peptide: their structure-activity correlation and the fate of hydrogen peroxide. J Biol Chem. 2005 Apr 29;280(17):16601-9. Epub 2005 Feb 7. [15699049 ]
- General Function:
- Protein domain specific binding
- Specific Function:
- Regulatory subunit of calcineurin, a calcium-dependent, calmodulin stimulated protein phosphatase. Confers calcium sensitivity.
- Gene Name:
- PPP3R1
- Uniprot ID:
- P63098
- Molecular Weight:
- 19299.785 Da
References
- King MM, Huang CY: Activation of calcineurin by nickel ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Aug 12;114(3):955-61. [6311199 ]
- General Function:
- Calcium ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Regulatory subunit of calcineurin, a calcium-dependent, calmodulin stimulated protein phosphatase. Confers calcium sensitivity (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- PPP3R2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q96LZ3
- Molecular Weight:
- 19533.065 Da
References
- King MM, Huang CY: Activation of calcineurin by nickel ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Aug 12;114(3):955-61. [6311199 ]
- General Function:
- Protein c-terminus binding
- Specific Function:
- Required for full ubiquitin ligase activity of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) and may confer substrate specificity upon the complex. Is regulated by MAD2L1: in metaphase the MAD2L1-CDC20-APC/C ternary complex is inactive and in anaphase the CDC20-APC/C binary complex is active in degrading substrates. The CDC20-APC/C complex positively regulates the formation of synaptic vesicle clustering at active zone to the presynaptic membrane in postmitotic neurons. CDC20-APC/C-induced degradation of NEUROD2 induces presynaptic differentiation.
- Gene Name:
- CDC20
- Uniprot ID:
- Q12834
- Molecular Weight:
- 54722.15 Da
References
- Mondal G, Baral RN, Roychoudhury S: A new Mad2-interacting domain of Cdc20 is critical for the function of Mad2-Cdc20 complex in the spindle assembly checkpoint. Biochem J. 2006 Jun 1;396(2):243-53. [16497171 ]
- General Function:
- Peptidyl-proline dioxygenase activity
- Specific Function:
- Cellular oxygen sensor that catalyzes, under normoxic conditions, the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. Hydroxylates a specific proline found in each of the oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) domains (N-terminal, NODD, and C-terminal, CODD) of HIF1A. Also hydroxylates HIF2A. Has a preference for the CODD site for both HIF1A and HIF1B. Hydroxylated HIFs are then targeted for proteasomal degradation via the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitination complex. Under hypoxic conditions, the hydroxylation reaction is attenuated allowing HIFs to escape degradation resulting in their translocation to the nucleus, heterodimerization with HIF1B, and increased expression of hypoxy-inducible genes. EGLN1 is the most important isozyme under normoxia and, through regulating the stability of HIF1, involved in various hypoxia-influenced processes such as angiogenesis in retinal and cardiac functionality. Target proteins are preferentially recognized via a LXXLAP motif.
- Gene Name:
- EGLN1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9GZT9
- Molecular Weight:
- 46020.585 Da
References
- Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
- General Function:
- Peptidyl-proline 4-dioxygenase activity
- Specific Function:
- Cellular oxygen sensor that catalyzes, under normoxic conditions, the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. Hydroxylates a specific proline found in each of the oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) domains (N-terminal, NODD, and C-terminal, CODD) of HIF1A. Also hydroxylates HIF2A. Has a preference for the CODD site for both HIF1A and HIF2A. Hydroxylated HIFs are then targeted for proteasomal degradation via the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitination complex. Under hypoxic conditions, the hydroxylation reaction is attenuated allowing HIFs to escape degradation resulting in their translocation to the nucleus, heterodimerization with HIF1B, and increased expression of hypoxy-inducible genes. EGLN2 is involved in regulating hypoxia tolerance and apoptosis in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Also regulates susceptibility to normoxic oxidative neuronal death. Links oxygen sensing to cell cycle and primary cilia formation by hydroxylating the critical centrosome component CEP192 which promotes its ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Hydroxylates IKBKB, mediating NF-kappaB activation in hypoxic conditions. Target proteins are preferentially recognized via a LXXLAP motif.
- Gene Name:
- EGLN2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q96KS0
- Molecular Weight:
- 43650.03 Da
References
- Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
- General Function:
- Peptidyl-proline 4-dioxygenase activity
- Specific Function:
- Cellular oxygen sensor that catalyzes, under normoxic conditions, the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. Hydroxylates a specific proline found in each of the oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) domains (N-terminal, NODD, and C-terminal, CODD) of HIF1A. Also hydroxylates HIF2A. Has a preference for the CODD site for both HIF1A and HIF2A. Hydroxylation on the NODD site by EGLN3 appears to require prior hydroxylation on the CODD site. Hydroxylated HIFs are then targeted for proteasomal degradation via the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitination complex. Under hypoxic conditions, the hydroxylation reaction is attenuated allowing HIFs to escape degradation resulting in their translocation to the nucleus, heterodimerization with HIF1B, and increased expression of hypoxy-inducible genes. EGLN3 is the most important isozyme in limiting physiological activation of HIFs (particularly HIF2A) in hypoxia. Also hydroxylates PKM in hypoxia, limiting glycolysis. Under normoxia, hydroxylates and regulates the stability of ADRB2. Regulator of cardiomyocyte and neuronal apoptosis. In cardiomyocytes, inhibits the anti-apoptotic effect of BCL2 by disrupting the BAX-BCL2 complex. In neurons, has a NGF-induced proapoptotic effect, probably through regulating CASP3 activity. Also essential for hypoxic regulation of neutrophilic inflammation. Plays a crucial role in DNA damage response (DDR) by hydroxylating TELO2, promoting its interaction with ATR which is required for activation of the ATR/CHK1/p53 pathway. Target proteins are preferentially recognized via a LXXLAP motif.
- Gene Name:
- EGLN3
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9H6Z9
- Molecular Weight:
- 27261.06 Da
References
- Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
- General Function:
- Poly(a) rna binding
- Specific Function:
- Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structures. The H1F0 histones are found in cells that are in terminal stages of differentiation or that have low rates of cell division.
- Gene Name:
- H1F0
- Uniprot ID:
- P07305
- Molecular Weight:
- 20862.775 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Chromatin dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- HIST1H1A
- Uniprot ID:
- Q02539
- Molecular Weight:
- 21841.89 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Poly(a) rna binding
- Specific Function:
- Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- HIST1H1C
- Uniprot ID:
- P16403
- Molecular Weight:
- 21364.57 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Poly(a) rna binding
- Specific Function:
- Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- HIST1H1D
- Uniprot ID:
- P16402
- Molecular Weight:
- 22349.71 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Poly(a) rna binding
- Specific Function:
- Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- HIST1H1E
- Uniprot ID:
- P10412
- Molecular Weight:
- 21865.02 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Poly(a) rna binding
- Specific Function:
- Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- HIST1H1B
- Uniprot ID:
- P16401
- Molecular Weight:
- 22579.945 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Nucleosomal dna binding
- Specific Function:
- May play a key role in the control of gene expression during oogenesis and early embryogenesis, presumably through the perturbation of chromatin structure. Essential for meiotic maturation of germinal vesicle-stage oocytes. The somatic type linker histone H1c is rapidly replaced by H1oo in a donor nucleus transplanted into an oocyte. The greater mobility of H1oo as compared to H1c may contribute to this rapid replacement and increased instability of the embryonic chromatin structure. The rapid replacement of H1c with H1oo may play an important role in nuclear remodeling (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- H1FOO
- Uniprot ID:
- Q8IZA3
- Molecular Weight:
- 35813.185 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structures.
- Gene Name:
- HIST1H1T
- Uniprot ID:
- P22492
- Molecular Weight:
- 22018.82 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Poly(a) rna binding
- Specific Function:
- Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structures.
- Gene Name:
- H1FX
- Uniprot ID:
- Q92522
- Molecular Weight:
- 22487.0 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Enzyme binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- HIST1H2AG
- Uniprot ID:
- P0C0S8
- Molecular Weight:
- 14091.375 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- HIST1H2AA
- Uniprot ID:
- Q96QV6
- Molecular Weight:
- 14233.39 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- HIST1H2AB
- Uniprot ID:
- P04908
- Molecular Weight:
- 14135.385 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- HIST1H2AC
- Uniprot ID:
- Q93077
- Molecular Weight:
- 14105.355 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- HIST1H2AD
- Uniprot ID:
- P20671
- Molecular Weight:
- 14107.375 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- HIST1H2AH
- Uniprot ID:
- Q96KK5
- Molecular Weight:
- 13906.145 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- HIST1H2AJ
- Uniprot ID:
- Q99878
- Molecular Weight:
- 13936.175 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- HIST2H2AA3
- Uniprot ID:
- Q6FI13
- Molecular Weight:
- 14095.385 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- HIST2H2AB
- Uniprot ID:
- Q8IUE6
- Molecular Weight:
- 13995.205 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- HIST2H2AC
- Uniprot ID:
- Q16777
- Molecular Weight:
- 13988.26 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- HIST3H2A
- Uniprot ID:
- Q7L7L0
- Molecular Weight:
- 14121.355 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Atypical histone H2A which can replace conventional H2A in some nucleosomes and is associated with active transcription and mRNA processing (PubMed:22795134). Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability (PubMed:15257289, PubMed:16287874, PubMed:16957777, PubMed:17591702, PubMed:17726088, PubMed:18329190, PubMed:22795134). Nucleosomes containing this histone are less rigid and organize less DNA than canonical nucleosomes in vivo (PubMed:15257289, PubMed:16957777, PubMed:17591702, PubMed:24336483). They are enriched in actively transcribed genes and associate with the elongating form of RNA polymerase (PubMed:17591702, PubMed:24753410). They associate with spliceosome components and are required for mRNA splicing (PubMed:22795134).
- Specific Function:
- Dna binding
- Gene Name:
- H2AFB1
- Uniprot ID:
- P0C5Y9
- Molecular Weight:
- 12697.21 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Atypical histone H2A which can replace conventional H2A in some nucleosomes and is associated with active transcription and mRNA processing. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. Nucleosomes containing this histone are less rigid and organize less DNA than canonical nucleosomes in vivo. They are enriched in actively transcribed genes and associate with the elongating form of RNA polymerase. They associate with spliceosome components and are required for mRNA splicing. May participate in spermatogenesis.
- Gene Name:
- H2AFB2
- Uniprot ID:
- P0C5Z0
- Molecular Weight:
- 12713.25 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- H2AFJ
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9BTM1
- Molecular Weight:
- 14019.3 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. May be involved in the formation of constitutive heterochromatin. May be required for chromosome segregation during cell division (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- H2AFV
- Uniprot ID:
- Q71UI9
- Molecular Weight:
- 13508.575 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Rna polymerase ii distal enhancer sequence-specific dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. May be involved in the formation of constitutive heterochromatin. May be required for chromosome segregation during cell division.
- Gene Name:
- H2AFZ
- Uniprot ID:
- P0C0S5
- Molecular Weight:
- 13552.635 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Histone binding
- Specific Function:
- Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. Required for checkpoint-mediated arrest of cell cycle progression in response to low doses of ionizing radiation and for efficient repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) specifically when modified by C-terminal phosphorylation.
- Gene Name:
- H2AFX
- Uniprot ID:
- P16104
- Molecular Weight:
- 15144.45 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Variant histone specifically required to direct the transformation of dissociating nucleosomes to protamine in male germ cells. Entirely replaces classical histone H2B prior nucleosome to protamine transition and probably acts as a nucleosome dissociating factor that creates a more dynamic chromatin, facilitating the large-scale exchange of histones. Also expressed maternally and is present in the female pronucleus, suggesting a similar role in protamine replacement by nucleosomes at fertilization (By similarity). Also found in fat cells, its function and the presence of post-translational modifications specific to such cells are still unclear. Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- HIST1H2BA
- Uniprot ID:
- Q96A08
- Molecular Weight:
- 14167.38 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- HIST1H2BB
- Uniprot ID:
- P33778
- Molecular Weight:
- 13950.075 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.
- Gene Name:
- HIST1H2BC
- Uniprot ID:
- P62807
- Molecular Weight:
- 13906.035 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- HIST1H2BD
- Uniprot ID:
- P58876
- Molecular Weight:
- 13936.065 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- HIST1H2BH
- Uniprot ID:
- Q93079
- Molecular Weight:
- 13892.005 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.
- Gene Name:
- HIST1H2BJ
- Uniprot ID:
- P06899
- Molecular Weight:
- 13904.055 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.
- Gene Name:
- HIST1H2BK
- Uniprot ID:
- O60814
- Molecular Weight:
- 13890.035 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- HIST1H2BL
- Uniprot ID:
- Q99880
- Molecular Weight:
- 13952.095 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- HIST1H2BM
- Uniprot ID:
- Q99879
- Molecular Weight:
- 13989.175 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- HIST1H2BN
- Uniprot ID:
- Q99877
- Molecular Weight:
- 13922.035 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- HIST1H2BO
- Uniprot ID:
- P23527
- Molecular Weight:
- 13906.025 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.
- Gene Name:
- HIST2H2BE
- Uniprot ID:
- Q16778
- Molecular Weight:
- 13920.055 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- HIST2H2BF
- Uniprot ID:
- Q5QNW6
- Molecular Weight:
- 13920.065 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- HIST3H2BB
- Uniprot ID:
- Q8N257
- Molecular Weight:
- 13908.005 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- H2BFM
- Uniprot ID:
- P0C1H6
- Molecular Weight:
- 17001.165 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.
- Gene Name:
- H2BFS
- Uniprot ID:
- P57053
- Molecular Weight:
- 13944.085 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Atypical histone H2B. Nucleosomes containing it are structurally and dynamically indistinguishable from those containing conventional H2B. However, unlike conventional H2B, does not recruit chromosome condensation factors and does not participate in the assembly of mitotic chromosomes. May be important for telomere function.
- Gene Name:
- H2BFWT
- Uniprot ID:
- Q7Z2G1
- Molecular Weight:
- 19618.3 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Histone H3-like variant which exclusively replaces conventional H3 in the nucleosome core of centromeric chromatin at the inner plate of the kinetochore. Required for recruitment and assembly of kinetochore proteins, mitotic progression and chromosome segregation. May serve as an epigenetic mark that propagates centromere identity through replication and cell division. The CENPA-H4 heterotetramer can bind DNA by itself (in vitro).
- Gene Name:
- CENPA
- Uniprot ID:
- P49450
- Molecular Weight:
- 15990.395 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Histone binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- HIST1H3A
- Uniprot ID:
- P68431
- Molecular Weight:
- 15403.925 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Histone binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- HIST3H3
- Uniprot ID:
- Q16695
- Molecular Weight:
- 15508.105 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Histone binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- HIST2H3A
- Uniprot ID:
- Q71DI3
- Molecular Weight:
- 15387.865 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Rna polymerase ii distal enhancer sequence-specific dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Variant histone H3 which replaces conventional H3 in a wide range of nucleosomes in active genes. Constitutes the predominant form of histone H3 in non-dividing cells and is incorporated into chromatin independently of DNA synthesis. Deposited at sites of nucleosomal displacement throughout transcribed genes, suggesting that it represents an epigenetic imprint of transcriptionally active chromatin. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- H3F3A
- Uniprot ID:
- P84243
- Molecular Weight:
- 15327.745 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Nucleosomal dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. Hominid-specific H3.5/H3F3C preferentially colocalizes with euchromatin, and it is associated with actively transcribed genes.
- Gene Name:
- H3F3C
- Uniprot ID:
- Q6NXT2
- Molecular Weight:
- 15213.57 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Protein domain specific binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- HIST1H4A
- Uniprot ID:
- P62805
- Molecular Weight:
- 11367.3 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- HIST1H4G
- Uniprot ID:
- Q99525
- Molecular Weight:
- 11009.065 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Transcription factor binding
- Specific Function:
- Responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes. Also involved in the deacetylation of cohesin complex protein SMC3 regulating release of cohesin complexes from chromatin. May play a role in smooth muscle cell contractility.
- Gene Name:
- HDAC8
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9BY41
- Molecular Weight:
- 41757.29 Da
References
- Gantt SL, Gattis SG, Fierke CA: Catalytic activity and inhibition of human histone deacetylase 8 is dependent on the identity of the active site metal ion. Biochemistry. 2006 May 16;45(19):6170-8. [16681389 ]
- General Function:
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function:
- Histone demethylase that specifically demethylates 'Lys-9' and 'Lys-36' residues of histone H3, thereby playing a central role in histone code. Does not demethylate histone H3 'Lys-4', H3 'Lys-27' nor H4 'Lys-20'. Demethylates trimethylated H3 'Lys-9' and H3 'Lys-36' residue, while it has no activity on mono- and dimethylated residues. Demethylation of Lys residue generates formaldehyde and succinate. Participates in transcriptional repression of ASCL2 and E2F-responsive promoters via the recruitment of histone deacetylases and NCOR1, respectively.Isoform 2: Crucial for muscle differentiation, promotes transcriptional activation of the Myog gene by directing the removal of repressive chromatin marks at its promoter. Lacks the N-terminal demethylase domain.
- Gene Name:
- KDM4A
- Uniprot ID:
- O75164
- Molecular Weight:
- 120661.265 Da
References
- Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
- General Function:
- Tubulin binding
- Specific Function:
- Its primary physiological function is unclear. Has cytoprotective activity against internal or environmental stresses. May play a role in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. May be required for neuronal myelin sheath maintenance. May play a role in iron uptake and iron homeostasis. Soluble oligomers are toxic to cultured neuroblastoma cells and induce apoptosis (in vitro) (PubMed:12732622, PubMed:19936054, PubMed:20564047). Association with GPC1 (via its heparan sulfate chains) targets PRNP to lipid rafts. Also provides Cu(2+) or ZN(2+) for the ascorbate-mediated GPC1 deaminase degradation of its heparan sulfate side chains (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- PRNP
- Uniprot ID:
- P04156
- Molecular Weight:
- 27661.21 Da
References
- Shearer J, Soh P: Ni K-edge XAS suggests that coordination of Ni(II) to the unstructured amyloidogenic region of the human prion protein produces a Ni(2) bis-mu-hydroxo dimer. J Inorg Biochem. 2007 Feb;101(2):370-3. Epub 2006 Oct 20. [17126907 ]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex.
- Gene Name:
- PRM2
- Uniprot ID:
- P04554
- Molecular Weight:
- 13050.695 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- PRM3
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9NNZ6
- Molecular Weight:
- 11232.01 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- HIST2H2BC
- Uniprot ID:
- Q6DN03
- Molecular Weight:
- 21471.81 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
- Gene Name:
- HIST2H2BD
- Uniprot ID:
- Q6DRA6
- Molecular Weight:
- 18017.875 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity
- Specific Function:
- Calcium-dependent, calmodulin-stimulated protein phosphatase. Many of the substrates contain a PxIxIT motif. This subunit may have a role in the calmodulin activation of calcineurin. Dephosphorylates DNM1L, HSPB1 and SSH1.
- Gene Name:
- PPP3CA
- Uniprot ID:
- Q08209
- Molecular Weight:
- 58687.27 Da
References
- King MM, Huang CY: Activation of calcineurin by nickel ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Aug 12;114(3):955-61. [6311199 ]
- General Function:
- Protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity
- Specific Function:
- Calcium-dependent, calmodulin-stimulated protein phosphatase. This subunit may have a role in the calmodulin activation of calcineurin.
- Gene Name:
- PPP3CB
- Uniprot ID:
- P16298
- Molecular Weight:
- 59023.735 Da
References
- King MM, Huang CY: Activation of calcineurin by nickel ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Aug 12;114(3):955-61. [6311199 ]
- General Function:
- Phosphoprotein phosphatase activity
- Specific Function:
- Calcium-dependent, calmodulin-stimulated protein phosphatase. This subunit may have a role in the calmodulin activation of calcineurin.
- Gene Name:
- PPP3CC
- Uniprot ID:
- P48454
- Molecular Weight:
- 58128.865 Da
References
- King MM, Huang CY: Activation of calcineurin by nickel ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Aug 12;114(3):955-61. [6311199 ]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex.
- Gene Name:
- PRM1
- Uniprot ID:
- P04553
- Molecular Weight:
- 6822.9 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- General Function:
- Dna binding
- Specific Function:
- Essential for normal spermatogenesis and male fertility. Required for proper cell restructuring and DNA condensation during the elongation phase of spermiogenesis. Involved in the histone-protamine transition of sperm chromatin and the subsequent production of functional sperm. Binds both double-stranded and single-stranded DNA, ATP and protamine-1 (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- H1FNT
- Uniprot ID:
- Q75WM6
- Molecular Weight:
- 28115.69 Da
References
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]