92
T3D0091
Chloride ion
In nature, chlorine is most abundant as a chloride ion. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. The chloride ion is an essential anion that the body needs for many critical functions. Chloride is a prominent negatively charged ion of the blood, where it represents 70% of the body’s total negative ion content. On average, an adult human body contains approximately 115 grams of chloride, making up about 0.15% of total body weight. The suggested amount of chloride intake ranges from 750 to 900 milligrams per day, based on the fact that total obligatory loss of chloride in the average person is close to 530 milligrams per day. Chloride helps keep the body's acid-base balance. The amount of chloride in the blood is carefully controlled by the kidneys. In addition to its functions as an electrolyte, chloride combines with hydrogen in the stomach to make hydrochloric acid, a powerful digestive enzyme that is responsible for the break down of proteins, absorption of other metallic minerals, and activation of intrinsic factor, which in turn absorbs vitamin B12. Chloride ions also have other important physiological roles. For instance, in the central nervous system, the inhibitory action of glycine and some of the action of GABA relies on the entry of Cl- into specific neurons. Also, the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger biological transport protein relies on the chloride ion to increase the blood's capacity of carbon dioxide, in the form of the bicarbonate ion. Chloride-transporting proteins (CLC) play fundamental roles in many tissues in the plasma membrane as well as in intracellular membranes. CLC proteins form a gene family that comprises nine members in mammals, at least four of which are involved in human genetic diseases. GABA(A) receptors are pentameric complexes that function as ligand-gated chloride ion channels. WNK kinases are a family of serine-threonine kinases that have been shown to play an essential role in the regulation of electrolyte homeostasis, and they are found in diverse epithelia throughout the body that are involved in chloride ion flux. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by alterations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTCR) gene that result in deranged sodium and chloride ion transport channels. (A7709, A7710, A7711, A7712, A11065).
22537-115-1
24526
Cl
34.968849
Clear liquid
Depends on salt form
Depends on salt form
>500 mg/mL at 25°C [AMOORE,JE & HAUTALA,E (1983)]
Inhalation (L247) ; dermal (L247)
Chloride imbalances can lead to electrolyte and pH imbalances. Excessive chloride in the blood is known as hyperchloremia. Often hyperchloremia is associated with excessive intakes of dietary chloride, which only occur with the ingestion of large amounts of salt and potassium chloride (hypernatremia). Hyperchloremia can also occur due to loss of body fluids from prolonged vomiting, sweating or fever, kidney failure, kidney disorders or diabetes. The amount of chloride in the blood is carefully controlled by the kidneys. Chloride toxicity has not been observed in humans except in the special case of impaired sodium chloride metabolism, e.g. in congestive heart failure.
In humans, 88% of chloride is extracellular and contributes to the osmotic activity of body fluids. The electrolyte balance in the body is maintained by adjusting total dietary intake and by excretion via the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract. Chloride is almost completely absorbed in normal individuals, mostly from the proximal half of the small intestine. Normal fluid loss amounts to about 1.5–2 litres/day, together with about 4 g of chloride per day. Most (90– 95%) is excreted in the urine, with minor amounts in faeces (4–8%) and sweat (2%). A normal adult human body contains approximately 81.7 g chloride. On the basis of a total obligatory loss of chloride of approximately 530 mg/day, a dietary intake for adults of 9 mg of chloride per kg of body weight has been recommended.
Estimated fatal dose of sodium chloride and other chloride salts is approximately 0.75 to 3.00 g/kg
No indication of carcinogenicity (not listed by IARC). (L135)
Chloride is found in table salt as well as most foods. Chloride is an essential element or micronutrient and helps keep the body’s electrolyte balance.
The oral ingestion of larger quantities of sodium chloride, eg 1000 g in 600 mL of water, is harmful and can induce irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, vomiting, hypernatremia, respiratory distress, convulsions, and death. Hyperchloremia can also occur due to loss of body fluids from prolonged vomiting, sweating or fever, kidney failure, kidney disorders or diabetes. Hyperchloremia is associated with deep and labored breathing, weakness, and intense thirst. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by alterations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTCR) gene that result in deranged sodium and chloride ion transport channels. This leads to the production of very salty sweat and the excessive production of mucous in the lungs. More than 100 genetic diseases or inborn errors of metabolism are associated with electrolyte (i.e. chloride) imbalances.
Hyperchloremia can be symptomatic with signs of deep and labored breathing (often associated with severe metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) but also renal failure), weakness, and intense thirst.
As with most types of electrolyte imbalance, the treatment of high blood chloride levels is based on correcting the underlying cause. If the patient is dehydrated, therapy consists of establishing and maintaining adequate hydration. If the condition is caused or exacerbated by medications or treatments, these may be altered or discontinued, if deemed prudent. If there is underlying kidney disease (which is likely if there are other electrolyte disturbances), then the patient will be referred to a nephrologist for further care. If there is an underlying dysfunction of the endocrine or hormone system, the patient will likely be referred to an endocrinologist for further assessment.
2009-03-06T18:58:03Z
2014-12-24T20:21:05Z
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine
C00115
103600 106195 109270 109280 111000 111300 118425 118930 121011 123885 125950 126650 131399 137163 137165 137192 138491 139392 141850 141900 145260 145500 160800 160900 166600 167050 171050 171060 173393 179800 181750 182307 186854 188070 192320 214700 218000 219700 223900 229100 230000 236200 241200 244400 248250 250900 255700 259700 261600 263800 264350 270420 277180 300008 300009 300138 300398 300554 302910 305990 308990 310468 560000 600041 600170 600228 600229 600232 600233 600359 600421 600436 600570 600580 600637 600760 600761 600791 600839 600840 600968 600997 601199 601271 601330 601678 601690 601844 601881 602023 602024 602056 602158 602359 602421 602522 602668 602722 602726 602727 602872 602958 602974 603080 603339 603353 603475 603506 603743 603831 603855 603906 604003 604045 604119 604159 604309 604337 604433 604471 604708 604878 604879 604943 604996 605125 605208 605232 605377 605646 605784 606038 606205 606410 606412 606465 606516 606520 606533 606536 606672 606680 606718 606726 606757 606845 606904 606983 607096 607239 607293 607335 607364 607582 607589 607591 607628 607631 607682 607854 608041 608390 608479 608480 608481 608855 608893 608919 609448 609914 610130 610291 610791 611316 611490 611492
29310
CPD-4521
D002713
Chlorine
CL
275
true
[Cl-]
Cl
InChI=1S/ClH/h1H/p-1
InChIKey=VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M
35.454
34.969401287
Endogenous
Solid or Liquid
HMDB00492
4514529
Weber, Rainer; Bulan, Andreas; Haas, Michel; Warsitz, Rafael; Werner, Knud. Production of chlorine from hydrogen chloride and oxygen. PCT Int. Appl. (2007), 30pp. CODEN: PIXXD2 WO 2007134861 A1 20071129 CAN 148:35931 AN 2007:1361621