Record Information |
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Version | 2.0 |
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Creation Date | 2009-03-06 18:58:07 UTC |
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Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:21:09 UTC |
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Accession Number | T3D0124 |
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Identification |
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Common Name | Plutonium-238 |
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Class | Small Molecule |
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Description | Plutonium is an element with the symbol Pu and atomic number 94. It is a rare transuranic radioactive element that normally exhibits six allotropes and four oxidation states. It is also a radioactive poison that accumulates in bone marrow. Plutonium-238 has a half-life of 88 years and emits alpha particles. It is a heat source in radioisotope thermoelectric generators, which are used to power some spacecraft. (3) |
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Compound Type | - Industrial/Workplace Toxin
- Inorganic Compound
- Metal
- Natural Compound
- Plutonium Compound
- Pollutant
- Radioactive
- Radioactive Isotope
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Chemical Structure | |
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Synonyms | Synonym | (238)Pu | 238Pu | Plutonium 238 | Plutonium, isotope of mass 238 |
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Chemical Formula | Pu |
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Average Molecular Mass | 238.050 g/mol |
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Monoisotopic Mass | 238.050 g/mol |
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CAS Registry Number | 13981-16-3 |
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IUPAC Name | (²³⁸Pu)plutonium |
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Traditional Name | (²³⁸Pu)plutonium |
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SMILES | [238Pu] |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/Pu/i1-6 |
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InChI Key | InChIKey=OYEHPCDNVJXUIW-VENIDDJXSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as homogeneous actinide compounds. These are inorganic compounds containing only metal atoms,with the largest atom being a transition metal atom. |
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Kingdom | Inorganic compounds |
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Super Class | Homogeneous metal compounds |
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Class | Homogeneous actinide compounds |
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Sub Class | Not Available |
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Direct Parent | Homogeneous actinide compounds |
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Alternative Parents | Not Available |
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Substituents | |
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Molecular Framework | Not Available |
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External Descriptors | Not Available |
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Biological Properties |
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Status | Detected and Not Quantified |
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Origin | Exogenous |
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Cellular Locations | |
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Biofluid Locations | Not Available |
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Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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Pathways | Not Available |
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Applications | Not Available |
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Biological Roles | Not Available |
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Chemical Roles | Not Available |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Not Available |
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Appearance | Not Available |
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Experimental Properties | Property | Value |
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Melting Point | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Solubility | Not Available | LogP | Not Available |
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Predicted Properties | |
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Spectra |
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Spectra | Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | View |
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Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-000i-0090000000-3e228917de618e678df1 | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-000i-0090000000-3e228917de618e678df1 | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-000i-0090000000-3e228917de618e678df1 | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative | splash10-000i-0090000000-7d39ee3442df3fef5b77 | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative | splash10-000i-0090000000-7d39ee3442df3fef5b77 | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative | splash10-000i-0090000000-7d39ee3442df3fef5b77 | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum |
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Toxicity Profile |
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Route of Exposure | Oral (6) ; Inhalation (6) |
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Mechanism of Toxicity | The alpha radiation plutonium emits does not penetrate the skin but can irradiate internal organs when plutonium is inhaled or ingested. Particularly at risk are the skeleton, where it is likely to be absorbed by the bone surface, and the liver, where it collects and becomes concentrated. The ionizing radiation produced by plutonium causes cellular damage that includes DNA breakage, accurate or inaccurate repair, apoptosis, gene mutations, chromosomal change, and genetic instability. This leads to loss of normal cell and tissue homeostasis, and development of malignancy. Ionizing radiation that does not directly damage DNA can produce reactive oxygen intermediates that directly affect the stability of p53, an important enzyme in cell-cycle regulation, and produce oxidative damage to individual bases in DNA and point mutations by mispairing during DNA replication. (2, 4) |
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Metabolism | Plutonium-238 can affect the body following ingestion or inhalation. When inhaled, Pu-239 tends to accumulate in the lungs, though it also distributes to the liver and skeleton. Ingested plutonium is found in the liver and bone. Plutonium metabolism consists primarily of hydrolytic reactions and formation of complexes with protein and nonprotein ligands, such as albumin, globulins, ferritin, citrate, and lactate. Plutonium is excreted in feces and urine. (4) |
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Toxicity Values | Not Available |
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Lethal Dose | Not Available |
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Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | 1, carcinogenic to humans. (1) |
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Uses/Sources | Plutonium-238 is a heat source in radioisotope thermoelectric generators, which are used to power some spacecraft. (3) |
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Minimum Risk Level | Not Available |
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Health Effects | Plutonium's radioactivity can cause cancers of the bone, liver, and lungs if ingested or inhaled. Large amounts may also cause acute radiation poisoning. (3, 4) |
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Symptoms | Exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation results in acute radiation syndrome, which can cause skin burns, hair loss, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, disorientation, low blood pressure, headache, fatigue, weakness, fever, birth defects, illness, infection, and death. (2, 5) |
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Treatment | Treatment reversing the effects of irradiation is currently not possible. Anaesthetics and antiemetics are administered to counter the symptoms of exposure, as well as antibiotics for countering secondary infections due to the resulting immune system deficiency. (5) |
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Normal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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HMDB ID | Not Available |
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PubChem Compound ID | 61709 |
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ChEMBL ID | Not Available |
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ChemSpider ID | 55610 |
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KEGG ID | Not Available |
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UniProt ID | Not Available |
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OMIM ID | |
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ChEBI ID | Not Available |
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BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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CTD ID | Not Available |
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Stitch ID | Plutonium-238 |
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PDB ID | Not Available |
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ACToR ID | Not Available |
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Wikipedia Link | Not Available |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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MSDS | T3D0124.pdf |
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General References | - International Agency for Research on Cancer (2014). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. [Link]
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1999). Toxicological profile for ionizing radiation. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- Wikipedia. Plutonium. Last Updated 18 August 2009. [Link]
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for plutonium. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- Wikipedia. Radiation poisoning. Last Updated 22 August 2009. [Link]
- Wikipedia. Copper. Last Updated 29 May 2009. [Link]
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Gene Regulation |
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Up-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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Down-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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