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Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2009-03-23 01:08:57 UTC
Update Date2014-12-24 20:22:34 UTC
Accession NumberT3D0691
Identification
Common NameNickel bromide
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionNickel bromide is a bromide of nickel. Nickel is a chemical compound with the atomic number 28. It is found abundantly in nature in laterite ore minerals, such as limonite, garnierite, and pentlandite. Nickel has a biological role and is found in certain enzymes, including urease, hydrogenase, methylcoenzyme M reductase, and carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. Bromine is a halogen element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35. Diatomic bromine does not occur naturally, but bromine salts can be found in crustal rock. (9, 4, 5)
Compound Type
  • Bromide Compound
  • Industrial/Workplace Toxin
  • Inorganic Compound
  • Nickel Compound
  • Pollutant
  • Synthetic Compound
Chemical Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
Synonym
dibromonickel
NiBr2
Nickel bromide(ous)
Nickel dibromide
Nickel(2+) bromide
Nickel(II) bromide
Nickel(II) bromide hydrate
Nickel(II) bromide trihydrate
Nickelous bromide
Chemical FormulaBr2Ni
Average Molecular Mass218.501 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass215.772 g/mol
CAS Registry Number13462-88-9
IUPAC Namedibromonickel
Traditional Namedibromonickel
SMILESBr[Ni]Br
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/2BrH.Ni/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2
InChI KeyInChIKey=IPLJNQFXJUCRNH-UHFFFAOYSA-L
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as transition metal bromides. These are inorganic compounds in which the largest halogen atom is Bromine, and the heaviest metal atom a transition metal.
KingdomInorganic compounds
Super ClassMixed metal/non-metal compounds
ClassTransition metal salts
Sub ClassTransition metal bromides
Direct ParentTransition metal bromides
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Transition metal bromide
  • Inorganic salt
  • Inorganic nickel compound
Molecular FrameworkNot Available
External DescriptorsNot Available
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginExogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
PathwaysNot Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological RolesNot Available
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceYellow-green crystals.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point963°C
Boiling PointNot Available
SolubilityNot Available
LogPNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
logP1.12ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area0 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count0ChemAxon
Refractivity17.47 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability9.36 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-014i-0090000000-78e4b4c744128f4efc502016-08-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-014i-0090000000-78e4b4c744128f4efc502016-08-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-014i-0090000000-78e4b4c744128f4efc502016-08-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-03di-0090000000-ed705eea06ad312ef0232016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-03di-0090000000-ed705eea06ad312ef0232016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-03di-0090000000-ed705eea06ad312ef0232016-08-03View Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureInhalation (5) ; oral (5) ; dermal (5)
Mechanism of ToxicityNickel is known to substitute for other essential elements in certain enzmes, such as calcineurin. It is genotoxic, and some nickel compounds have been shown to promote cell proliferation. Nickel has a high affinity for chromatin proteins, particularly histones and protamines. The complexing of nickel ions with heterochromatin results in a number of alterations including condensation, DNA hypermethylation, gene silencing, and inhibition of histone acetylation, which have been shown to disturb gene expression. Nickel has also been shown to alter several transcription factors, including hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, activating transcription factor, and NF-KB transcription factor. There is also evidence that nickel ions inhibit DNA repair, either by directly inhibiting DNA repair enzymes or competing with zinc ions for binding to zinc-finger DNA binding proteins, resulting in structural changes in DNA that prevent repair enzymes from binding. Nickel ions can also complex with a number of cellular ligands including amino acids, peptides, and proteins resulting in the generation of oxygen radicals, which induce base damage, DNA strand breaks, and DNA protein crosslinks. Bromine is a powerful oxidizing agent and is able to release oxygen free radicals from the water in mucous membranes. These free radicals are also potent oxidizers and produce tissue damage. In additon, the formation of hydrobromic and bromic acids will result in secondary irritation. The bromide ion is also known to affect the central nervous system, causing bromism. This is believed to be a result of bromide ions substituting for chloride ions in the in actions of neurotransmitters and transport systems, thus affecting numerous synaptic processes. (10, 11, 2, 5, 1)
MetabolismNickel is absorbed mainly through the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Once in the body it enters the bloodstream, where it binds to albumin, L-histidine, and _2-macroglobulin. Nickel tends to accumulate in the lungs, thyroid, kidney, heart, and liver. Absorbed nickel is excreted in the urine, wherease unabsorbed nickel is excreted in the faeces. Bromine is mainly absorbed via inhalation, but may also enter the body through dermal contact. Bromine salts can be ingested. Due to its reactivity, bromine quickly forms bromide and may be deposited in the tissues, displacing other halogens. (10, 5)
Toxicity ValuesNot Available
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)1, carcinogenic to humans. (8)
Uses/SourcesNot Available
Minimum Risk LevelIntermediate Inhalation: 0.0002 mg/m3 (7) Chronic Inhalation: 0.00009 mg/m3 (7)
Health EffectsThe most common harmful health effect of nickel in humans is an allergic reaction. This usually manifests as a skin rash, although some people experience asthma attacks. Long term inhahation of nickel causes chronic bronchitis and reduced lung function, as well as damage to the naval cavity. Ingestion of excess nickel results in damage to the stomach, blood, liver, kidneys, and immune system, as well as having adverse effects on reproduction and development. Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Elemental bromine also burns the skin. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant and chronic exposure produces neuronal effects. This is called bromism and can result in central reactions reaching from somnolence to coma, cachexia, exicosis, loss of reflexes or pathologic reflexes, clonic seizures, tremor, ataxia, loss of neural sensitivity, paresis, papillar edema of the eyes, abnormal speech, cerebral edema, delirium, aggressiveness, and psychoses. (9, 10, 11, 5)
SymptomsSymptoms of nickel poisoning include headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, irritability, and difficulty sleeping, followed by chest pains, sweating, rapid heart beat, and a dry cough. Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Symptoms include lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, eye irritation with mucous secretions from the oropharyngeal and upper airways, coughing, dyspnoea, choking, wheezing, epistaxis, and headache. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant producing ataxia, slurred speech, tremor, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, dizziness, visual disturbances, unsteadiness, headaches, impaired memory and concentration, disorientation and hallucinations. This is called bromism. (10, 11, 6)
TreatmentEYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDNot Available
HMDB IDNot Available
PubChem Compound ID278492
ChEMBL IDNot Available
ChemSpider IDNot Available
KEGG IDNot Available
UniProt IDNot Available
OMIM ID
ChEBI IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
CTD IDNot Available
Stitch IDNickel bromide
PDB IDNot Available
ACToR IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDST3D0691.pdf
General References
  1. King MM, Huang CY: Activation of calcineurin by nickel ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Aug 12;114(3):955-61. [6311199 ]
  2. Ziouzenkova O, Orasanu G, Sharlach M, Akiyama TE, Berger JP, Viereck J, Hamilton JA, Tang G, Dolnikowski GG, Vogel S, Duester G, Plutzky J: Retinaldehyde represses adipogenesis and diet-induced obesity. Nat Med. 2007 Jun;13(6):695-702. Epub 2007 May 27. [17529981 ]
  3. Golomb, BA (1999). A Review of the Scientific Literature As It Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses. Volume 2: Pyridostigmine Bromide. Washington, DC: RAND.
  4. Wikipedia. Nickel. Last Updated 22 March 2009. [Link]
  5. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
  6. Redmond JC (2008). Nickel Poisoning. LoveToKnow. [Link]
  7. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2001). Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for Hazardous Substances. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
  8. International Agency for Research on Cancer (2014). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. [Link]
  9. Wikipedia. Bromine. Last Updated 9 June 2009. [Link]
  10. International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) INCHEM (1992). Poison Information Monograph for Bromine. [Link]
  11. Wikipedia. Potassium bromide. Last Updated 9 June 2009. [Link]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated GenesNot Available
Down-Regulated GenesNot Available

Targets

General Function:
Voltage-gated chloride channel activity
Specific Function:
Voltage-gated chloride channel. Chloride channels have several functions including the regulation of cell volume; membrane potential stabilization, signal transduction and transepithelial transport.
Gene Name:
CLCN1
Uniprot ID:
P35523
Molecular Weight:
108625.435 Da
References
  1. Simchowitz L: Interactions of bromide, iodide, and fluoride with the pathways of chloride transport and diffusion in human neutrophils. J Gen Physiol. 1988 Jun;91(6):835-60. [3047312 ]
  2. Pusch M, Jordt SE, Stein V, Jentsch TJ: Chloride dependence of hyperpolarization-activated chloride channel gates. J Physiol. 1999 Mar 1;515 ( Pt 2):341-53. [10050002 ]
General Function:
Voltage-gated chloride channel activity
Specific Function:
Voltage-gated chloride channel. Chloride channels have several functions including the regulation of cell volume; membrane potential stabilization, signal transduction and transepithelial transport. May be important in urinary concentrating mechanisms.
Gene Name:
CLCNKA
Uniprot ID:
P51800
Molecular Weight:
75284.08 Da
References
  1. Simchowitz L: Interactions of bromide, iodide, and fluoride with the pathways of chloride transport and diffusion in human neutrophils. J Gen Physiol. 1988 Jun;91(6):835-60. [3047312 ]
  2. Pusch M, Jordt SE, Stein V, Jentsch TJ: Chloride dependence of hyperpolarization-activated chloride channel gates. J Physiol. 1999 Mar 1;515 ( Pt 2):341-53. [10050002 ]
General Function:
Voltage-gated chloride channel activity
Specific Function:
Voltage-gated chloride channel. Chloride channels have several functions including the regulation of cell volume; membrane potential stabilization, signal transduction and transepithelial transport. May be important in urinary concentrating mechanisms.
Gene Name:
CLCNKB
Uniprot ID:
P51801
Molecular Weight:
75445.3 Da
References
  1. Simchowitz L: Interactions of bromide, iodide, and fluoride with the pathways of chloride transport and diffusion in human neutrophils. J Gen Physiol. 1988 Jun;91(6):835-60. [3047312 ]
  2. Pusch M, Jordt SE, Stein V, Jentsch TJ: Chloride dependence of hyperpolarization-activated chloride channel gates. J Physiol. 1999 Mar 1;515 ( Pt 2):341-53. [10050002 ]
General Function:
Ferrous iron binding
Specific Function:
Dioxygenase that repairs alkylated DNA and RNA containing 1-methyladenine and 3-methylcytosine by oxidative demethylation. Can also repair alkylated DNA containing 1-ethenoadenine (in vitro). Has strong preference for double-stranded DNA. Has low efficiency with single-stranded substrates. Requires molecular oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate and iron.
Gene Name:
ALKBH2
Uniprot ID:
Q6NS38
Molecular Weight:
29322.22 Da
References
  1. Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
General Function:
L-ascorbic acid binding
Specific Function:
Dioxygenase that repairs alkylated DNA containing 1-methyladenine (1meA) and 3-methylcytosine (3meC) by oxidative demethylation. Has a strong preference for single-stranded DNA. Able to process alkylated 3mC within double-stranded regions via its interaction with ASCC3, which promotes DNA unwinding to generate single-stranded substrate needed for ALKHB3. May also act on RNA. Requires molecular oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate and iron.
Gene Name:
ALKBH3
Uniprot ID:
Q96Q83
Molecular Weight:
33374.495 Da
References
  1. Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
General Function:
Protein domain specific binding
Specific Function:
Regulatory subunit of calcineurin, a calcium-dependent, calmodulin stimulated protein phosphatase. Confers calcium sensitivity.
Gene Name:
PPP3R1
Uniprot ID:
P63098
Molecular Weight:
19299.785 Da
References
  1. King MM, Huang CY: Activation of calcineurin by nickel ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Aug 12;114(3):955-61. [6311199 ]
General Function:
Calcium ion binding
Specific Function:
Regulatory subunit of calcineurin, a calcium-dependent, calmodulin stimulated protein phosphatase. Confers calcium sensitivity (By similarity).
Gene Name:
PPP3R2
Uniprot ID:
Q96LZ3
Molecular Weight:
19533.065 Da
References
  1. King MM, Huang CY: Activation of calcineurin by nickel ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Aug 12;114(3):955-61. [6311199 ]
General Function:
Peptidyl-proline dioxygenase activity
Specific Function:
Cellular oxygen sensor that catalyzes, under normoxic conditions, the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. Hydroxylates a specific proline found in each of the oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) domains (N-terminal, NODD, and C-terminal, CODD) of HIF1A. Also hydroxylates HIF2A. Has a preference for the CODD site for both HIF1A and HIF1B. Hydroxylated HIFs are then targeted for proteasomal degradation via the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitination complex. Under hypoxic conditions, the hydroxylation reaction is attenuated allowing HIFs to escape degradation resulting in their translocation to the nucleus, heterodimerization with HIF1B, and increased expression of hypoxy-inducible genes. EGLN1 is the most important isozyme under normoxia and, through regulating the stability of HIF1, involved in various hypoxia-influenced processes such as angiogenesis in retinal and cardiac functionality. Target proteins are preferentially recognized via a LXXLAP motif.
Gene Name:
EGLN1
Uniprot ID:
Q9GZT9
Molecular Weight:
46020.585 Da
References
  1. Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
General Function:
Peptidyl-proline 4-dioxygenase activity
Specific Function:
Cellular oxygen sensor that catalyzes, under normoxic conditions, the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. Hydroxylates a specific proline found in each of the oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) domains (N-terminal, NODD, and C-terminal, CODD) of HIF1A. Also hydroxylates HIF2A. Has a preference for the CODD site for both HIF1A and HIF2A. Hydroxylated HIFs are then targeted for proteasomal degradation via the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitination complex. Under hypoxic conditions, the hydroxylation reaction is attenuated allowing HIFs to escape degradation resulting in their translocation to the nucleus, heterodimerization with HIF1B, and increased expression of hypoxy-inducible genes. EGLN2 is involved in regulating hypoxia tolerance and apoptosis in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Also regulates susceptibility to normoxic oxidative neuronal death. Links oxygen sensing to cell cycle and primary cilia formation by hydroxylating the critical centrosome component CEP192 which promotes its ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Hydroxylates IKBKB, mediating NF-kappaB activation in hypoxic conditions. Target proteins are preferentially recognized via a LXXLAP motif.
Gene Name:
EGLN2
Uniprot ID:
Q96KS0
Molecular Weight:
43650.03 Da
References
  1. Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
General Function:
Peptidyl-proline 4-dioxygenase activity
Specific Function:
Cellular oxygen sensor that catalyzes, under normoxic conditions, the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. Hydroxylates a specific proline found in each of the oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) domains (N-terminal, NODD, and C-terminal, CODD) of HIF1A. Also hydroxylates HIF2A. Has a preference for the CODD site for both HIF1A and HIF2A. Hydroxylation on the NODD site by EGLN3 appears to require prior hydroxylation on the CODD site. Hydroxylated HIFs are then targeted for proteasomal degradation via the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitination complex. Under hypoxic conditions, the hydroxylation reaction is attenuated allowing HIFs to escape degradation resulting in their translocation to the nucleus, heterodimerization with HIF1B, and increased expression of hypoxy-inducible genes. EGLN3 is the most important isozyme in limiting physiological activation of HIFs (particularly HIF2A) in hypoxia. Also hydroxylates PKM in hypoxia, limiting glycolysis. Under normoxia, hydroxylates and regulates the stability of ADRB2. Regulator of cardiomyocyte and neuronal apoptosis. In cardiomyocytes, inhibits the anti-apoptotic effect of BCL2 by disrupting the BAX-BCL2 complex. In neurons, has a NGF-induced proapoptotic effect, probably through regulating CASP3 activity. Also essential for hypoxic regulation of neutrophilic inflammation. Plays a crucial role in DNA damage response (DDR) by hydroxylating TELO2, promoting its interaction with ATR which is required for activation of the ATR/CHK1/p53 pathway. Target proteins are preferentially recognized via a LXXLAP motif.
Gene Name:
EGLN3
Uniprot ID:
Q9H6Z9
Molecular Weight:
27261.06 Da
References
  1. Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
General Function:
Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function:
Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine. Functions as receptor for diazepines and various anesthetics, such as pentobarbital; these are bound at a separate allosteric effector binding site. Functions as ligand-gated chloride channel (By similarity).
Gene Name:
GABRA1
Uniprot ID:
P14867
Molecular Weight:
51801.395 Da
References
  1. Suzuki S, Kawakami K, Nakamura F, Nishimura S, Yagi K, Seino M: Bromide, in the therapeutic concentration, enhances GABA-activated currents in cultured neurons of rat cerebral cortex. Epilepsy Res. 1994 Oct;19(2):89-97. [7843172 ]
General Function:
Gaba-gated chloride ion channel activity
Specific Function:
Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine. Functions as receptor for diazepines and various anesthetics, such as pentobarbital; these are bound at a separate allosteric effector binding site. Functions as ligand-gated chloride channel.
Gene Name:
GABRB3
Uniprot ID:
P28472
Molecular Weight:
54115.04 Da
References
  1. Suzuki S, Kawakami K, Nakamura F, Nishimura S, Yagi K, Seino M: Bromide, in the therapeutic concentration, enhances GABA-activated currents in cultured neurons of rat cerebral cortex. Epilepsy Res. 1994 Oct;19(2):89-97. [7843172 ]
General Function:
Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function:
Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine. Functions as receptor for diazepines and various anesthetics, such as pentobarbital; these are bound at a separate allosteric effector binding site. Functions as ligand-gated chloride channel.
Gene Name:
GABRG2
Uniprot ID:
P18507
Molecular Weight:
54161.78 Da
References
  1. Suzuki S, Kawakami K, Nakamura F, Nishimura S, Yagi K, Seino M: Bromide, in the therapeutic concentration, enhances GABA-activated currents in cultured neurons of rat cerebral cortex. Epilepsy Res. 1994 Oct;19(2):89-97. [7843172 ]
General Function:
Poly(a) rna binding
Specific Function:
Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structures. The H1F0 histones are found in cells that are in terminal stages of differentiation or that have low rates of cell division.
Gene Name:
H1F0
Uniprot ID:
P07305
Molecular Weight:
20862.775 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Chromatin dna binding
Specific Function:
Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).
Gene Name:
HIST1H1A
Uniprot ID:
Q02539
Molecular Weight:
21841.89 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Poly(a) rna binding
Specific Function:
Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).
Gene Name:
HIST1H1C
Uniprot ID:
P16403
Molecular Weight:
21364.57 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Poly(a) rna binding
Specific Function:
Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).
Gene Name:
HIST1H1D
Uniprot ID:
P16402
Molecular Weight:
22349.71 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Poly(a) rna binding
Specific Function:
Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).
Gene Name:
HIST1H1E
Uniprot ID:
P10412
Molecular Weight:
21865.02 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Poly(a) rna binding
Specific Function:
Histone H1 protein binds to linker DNA between nucleosomes forming the macromolecular structure known as the chromatin fiber. Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structured fibers. Acts also as a regulator of individual gene transcription through chromatin remodeling, nucleosome spacing and DNA methylation (By similarity).
Gene Name:
HIST1H1B
Uniprot ID:
P16401
Molecular Weight:
22579.945 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Nucleosomal dna binding
Specific Function:
May play a key role in the control of gene expression during oogenesis and early embryogenesis, presumably through the perturbation of chromatin structure. Essential for meiotic maturation of germinal vesicle-stage oocytes. The somatic type linker histone H1c is rapidly replaced by H1oo in a donor nucleus transplanted into an oocyte. The greater mobility of H1oo as compared to H1c may contribute to this rapid replacement and increased instability of the embryonic chromatin structure. The rapid replacement of H1c with H1oo may play an important role in nuclear remodeling (By similarity).
Gene Name:
H1FOO
Uniprot ID:
Q8IZA3
Molecular Weight:
35813.185 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structures.
Gene Name:
HIST1H1T
Uniprot ID:
P22492
Molecular Weight:
22018.82 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Poly(a) rna binding
Specific Function:
Histones H1 are necessary for the condensation of nucleosome chains into higher-order structures.
Gene Name:
H1FX
Uniprot ID:
Q92522
Molecular Weight:
22487.0 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Enzyme binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2AG
Uniprot ID:
P0C0S8
Molecular Weight:
14091.375 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2AA
Uniprot ID:
Q96QV6
Molecular Weight:
14233.39 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2AB
Uniprot ID:
P04908
Molecular Weight:
14135.385 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2AC
Uniprot ID:
Q93077
Molecular Weight:
14105.355 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2AD
Uniprot ID:
P20671
Molecular Weight:
14107.375 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2AH
Uniprot ID:
Q96KK5
Molecular Weight:
13906.145 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2AJ
Uniprot ID:
Q99878
Molecular Weight:
13936.175 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST2H2AA3
Uniprot ID:
Q6FI13
Molecular Weight:
14095.385 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST2H2AB
Uniprot ID:
Q8IUE6
Molecular Weight:
13995.205 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST2H2AC
Uniprot ID:
Q16777
Molecular Weight:
13988.26 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST3H2A
Uniprot ID:
Q7L7L0
Molecular Weight:
14121.355 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Atypical histone H2A which can replace conventional H2A in some nucleosomes and is associated with active transcription and mRNA processing (PubMed:22795134). Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability (PubMed:15257289, PubMed:16287874, PubMed:16957777, PubMed:17591702, PubMed:17726088, PubMed:18329190, PubMed:22795134). Nucleosomes containing this histone are less rigid and organize less DNA than canonical nucleosomes in vivo (PubMed:15257289, PubMed:16957777, PubMed:17591702, PubMed:24336483). They are enriched in actively transcribed genes and associate with the elongating form of RNA polymerase (PubMed:17591702, PubMed:24753410). They associate with spliceosome components and are required for mRNA splicing (PubMed:22795134).
Specific Function:
Dna binding
Gene Name:
H2AFB1
Uniprot ID:
P0C5Y9
Molecular Weight:
12697.21 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Atypical histone H2A which can replace conventional H2A in some nucleosomes and is associated with active transcription and mRNA processing. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. Nucleosomes containing this histone are less rigid and organize less DNA than canonical nucleosomes in vivo. They are enriched in actively transcribed genes and associate with the elongating form of RNA polymerase. They associate with spliceosome components and are required for mRNA splicing. May participate in spermatogenesis.
Gene Name:
H2AFB2
Uniprot ID:
P0C5Z0
Molecular Weight:
12713.25 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
H2AFJ
Uniprot ID:
Q9BTM1
Molecular Weight:
14019.3 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. May be involved in the formation of constitutive heterochromatin. May be required for chromosome segregation during cell division (By similarity).
Gene Name:
H2AFV
Uniprot ID:
Q71UI9
Molecular Weight:
13508.575 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Rna polymerase ii distal enhancer sequence-specific dna binding
Specific Function:
Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. May be involved in the formation of constitutive heterochromatin. May be required for chromosome segregation during cell division.
Gene Name:
H2AFZ
Uniprot ID:
P0C0S5
Molecular Weight:
13552.635 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Histone binding
Specific Function:
Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. Required for checkpoint-mediated arrest of cell cycle progression in response to low doses of ionizing radiation and for efficient repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) specifically when modified by C-terminal phosphorylation.
Gene Name:
H2AFX
Uniprot ID:
P16104
Molecular Weight:
15144.45 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Variant histone specifically required to direct the transformation of dissociating nucleosomes to protamine in male germ cells. Entirely replaces classical histone H2B prior nucleosome to protamine transition and probably acts as a nucleosome dissociating factor that creates a more dynamic chromatin, facilitating the large-scale exchange of histones. Also expressed maternally and is present in the female pronucleus, suggesting a similar role in protamine replacement by nucleosomes at fertilization (By similarity). Also found in fat cells, its function and the presence of post-translational modifications specific to such cells are still unclear. Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BA
Uniprot ID:
Q96A08
Molecular Weight:
14167.38 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BB
Uniprot ID:
P33778
Molecular Weight:
13950.075 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BC
Uniprot ID:
P62807
Molecular Weight:
13906.035 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BD
Uniprot ID:
P58876
Molecular Weight:
13936.065 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BH
Uniprot ID:
Q93079
Molecular Weight:
13892.005 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BJ
Uniprot ID:
P06899
Molecular Weight:
13904.055 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BK
Uniprot ID:
O60814
Molecular Weight:
13890.035 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BL
Uniprot ID:
Q99880
Molecular Weight:
13952.095 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BM
Uniprot ID:
Q99879
Molecular Weight:
13989.175 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BN
Uniprot ID:
Q99877
Molecular Weight:
13922.035 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H2BO
Uniprot ID:
P23527
Molecular Weight:
13906.025 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.
Gene Name:
HIST2H2BE
Uniprot ID:
Q16778
Molecular Weight:
13920.055 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST2H2BF
Uniprot ID:
Q5QNW6
Molecular Weight:
13920.065 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST3H2BB
Uniprot ID:
Q8N257
Molecular Weight:
13908.005 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
H2BFM
Uniprot ID:
P0C1H6
Molecular Weight:
17001.165 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.Has broad antibacterial activity. May contribute to the formation of the functional antimicrobial barrier of the colonic epithelium, and to the bactericidal activity of amniotic fluid.
Gene Name:
H2BFS
Uniprot ID:
P57053
Molecular Weight:
13944.085 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Atypical histone H2B. Nucleosomes containing it are structurally and dynamically indistinguishable from those containing conventional H2B. However, unlike conventional H2B, does not recruit chromosome condensation factors and does not participate in the assembly of mitotic chromosomes. May be important for telomere function.
Gene Name:
H2BFWT
Uniprot ID:
Q7Z2G1
Molecular Weight:
19618.3 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Histone H3-like variant which exclusively replaces conventional H3 in the nucleosome core of centromeric chromatin at the inner plate of the kinetochore. Required for recruitment and assembly of kinetochore proteins, mitotic progression and chromosome segregation. May serve as an epigenetic mark that propagates centromere identity through replication and cell division. The CENPA-H4 heterotetramer can bind DNA by itself (in vitro).
Gene Name:
CENPA
Uniprot ID:
P49450
Molecular Weight:
15990.395 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Histone binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H3A
Uniprot ID:
P68431
Molecular Weight:
15403.925 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Histone binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST3H3
Uniprot ID:
Q16695
Molecular Weight:
15508.105 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Histone binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST2H3A
Uniprot ID:
Q71DI3
Molecular Weight:
15387.865 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Rna polymerase ii distal enhancer sequence-specific dna binding
Specific Function:
Variant histone H3 which replaces conventional H3 in a wide range of nucleosomes in active genes. Constitutes the predominant form of histone H3 in non-dividing cells and is incorporated into chromatin independently of DNA synthesis. Deposited at sites of nucleosomal displacement throughout transcribed genes, suggesting that it represents an epigenetic imprint of transcriptionally active chromatin. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
H3F3A
Uniprot ID:
P84243
Molecular Weight:
15327.745 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Nucleosomal dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. Hominid-specific H3.5/H3F3C preferentially colocalizes with euchromatin, and it is associated with actively transcribed genes.
Gene Name:
H3F3C
Uniprot ID:
Q6NXT2
Molecular Weight:
15213.57 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Protein domain specific binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST1H4A
Uniprot ID:
P62805
Molecular Weight:
11367.3 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling (By similarity).
Gene Name:
HIST1H4G
Uniprot ID:
Q99525
Molecular Weight:
11009.065 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Transcription regulatory region sequence-specific dna binding
Specific Function:
Histone demethylase that specifically demethylates 'Lys-9' of histone H3, thereby playing a central role in histone code. Preferentially demethylates mono- and dimethylated H3 'Lys-9' residue, with a preference for dimethylated residue, while it has weak or no activity on trimethylated H3 'Lys-9'. Demethylation of Lys residue generates formaldehyde and succinate. Involved in hormone-dependent transcriptional activation, by participating in recruitment to androgen-receptor target genes, resulting in H3 'Lys-9' demethylation and transcriptional activation. Involved in spermatogenesis by regulating expression of target genes such as PRM1 and TMP1 which are required for packaging and condensation of sperm chromatin. Involved in obesity resistance through regulation of metabolic genes such as PPARA and UCP1.
Gene Name:
KDM3A
Uniprot ID:
Q9Y4C1
Molecular Weight:
147339.98 Da
References
  1. Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
General Function:
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:
Histone demethylase that specifically demethylates 'Lys-9' and 'Lys-36' residues of histone H3, thereby playing a central role in histone code. Does not demethylate histone H3 'Lys-4', H3 'Lys-27' nor H4 'Lys-20'. Demethylates trimethylated H3 'Lys-9' and H3 'Lys-36' residue, while it has no activity on mono- and dimethylated residues. Demethylation of Lys residue generates formaldehyde and succinate. Participates in transcriptional repression of ASCL2 and E2F-responsive promoters via the recruitment of histone deacetylases and NCOR1, respectively.Isoform 2: Crucial for muscle differentiation, promotes transcriptional activation of the Myog gene by directing the removal of repressive chromatin marks at its promoter. Lacks the N-terminal demethylase domain.
Gene Name:
KDM4A
Uniprot ID:
O75164
Molecular Weight:
120661.265 Da
References
  1. Chen H, Costa M: Iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: an emerging group of molecular targets for nickel toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biometals. 2009 Feb;22(1):191-6. doi: 10.1007/s10534-008-9190-3. Epub 2008 Dec 19. [19096759 ]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex.
Gene Name:
PRM2
Uniprot ID:
P04554
Molecular Weight:
13050.695 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex (By similarity).
Gene Name:
PRM3
Uniprot ID:
Q9NNZ6
Molecular Weight:
11232.01 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling.
Gene Name:
HIST2H2BD
Uniprot ID:
Q6DRA6
Molecular Weight:
18017.875 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Calcium-dependent, calmodulin-stimulated protein phosphatase. Many of the substrates contain a PxIxIT motif. This subunit may have a role in the calmodulin activation of calcineurin. Dephosphorylates DNM1L, HSPB1 and SSH1.
Gene Name:
PPP3CA
Uniprot ID:
Q08209
Molecular Weight:
58687.27 Da
References
  1. King MM, Huang CY: Activation of calcineurin by nickel ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Aug 12;114(3):955-61. [6311199 ]
General Function:
Protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Calcium-dependent, calmodulin-stimulated protein phosphatase. This subunit may have a role in the calmodulin activation of calcineurin.
Gene Name:
PPP3CB
Uniprot ID:
P16298
Molecular Weight:
59023.735 Da
References
  1. King MM, Huang CY: Activation of calcineurin by nickel ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Aug 12;114(3):955-61. [6311199 ]
General Function:
Phosphoprotein phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Calcium-dependent, calmodulin-stimulated protein phosphatase. This subunit may have a role in the calmodulin activation of calcineurin.
Gene Name:
PPP3CC
Uniprot ID:
P48454
Molecular Weight:
58128.865 Da
References
  1. King MM, Huang CY: Activation of calcineurin by nickel ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Aug 12;114(3):955-61. [6311199 ]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex.
Gene Name:
PRM1
Uniprot ID:
P04553
Molecular Weight:
6822.9 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
General Function:
Dna binding
Specific Function:
Essential for normal spermatogenesis and male fertility. Required for proper cell restructuring and DNA condensation during the elongation phase of spermiogenesis. Involved in the histone-protamine transition of sperm chromatin and the subsequent production of functional sperm. Binds both double-stranded and single-stranded DNA, ATP and protamine-1 (By similarity).
Gene Name:
H1FNT
Uniprot ID:
Q75WM6
Molecular Weight:
28115.69 Da
References
  1. ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for nickel. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]