| Record Information |
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| Version | 2.0 |
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| Creation Date | 2009-03-27 01:27:11 UTC |
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| Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:22:44 UTC |
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| Accession Number | T3D0739 |
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| Identification |
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| Common Name | Zinc phosphide |
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| Class | Small Molecule |
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| Description | Zinc phosphide is a phosphide of zinc. It is used as a rodenticide. Zinc is a metallic element with the atomic number 30. It is found in nature most often as the mineral sphalerite. Though excess zinc in harmful, in smaller amounts it is an essential element for life, as it is a cofactor for over 300 enzymes and is found in just as many transcription factors. Metal phosphides are hydrolysed to phosphine upon contact with water or stomach acid. Phosphine is a colorless, flammable, explosive, and toxic gas. (11, 6, 7, 8) |
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| Compound Type | - Household Toxin
- Inorganic Compound
- Pesticide
- Phosphide
- Synthetic Compound
- Zinc Compound
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| Chemical Structure | |
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| Synonyms | | Synonym | | Trizinc diphosphate | | Zn3P2 |
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| Chemical Formula | P2Zn3 |
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| Average Molecular Mass | 258.175 g/mol |
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| Monoisotopic Mass | 253.735 g/mol |
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| CAS Registry Number | 1314-84-7 |
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| IUPAC Name | trizinc(2+) ion diphosphanetriide |
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| Traditional Name | trizinc(2+) ion diphosphanetriide |
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| SMILES | [P-3].[P-3].[Zn++].[Zn++].[Zn++] |
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| InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/2P.3Zn/q2*-3;3*+2 |
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| InChI Key | InChIKey=IGSZOEHCOKSBEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Description | belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as miscellaneous mixed metal/non-metals. These are inorganic compounds containing non-metal as well as metal atoms but not belonging to afore mentioned classes. |
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| Kingdom | Inorganic compounds |
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| Super Class | Mixed metal/non-metal compounds |
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| Class | Miscellaneous mixed metal/non-metals |
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| Sub Class | Not Available |
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| Direct Parent | Miscellaneous mixed metal/non-metals |
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| Alternative Parents | |
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| Substituents | - Inorganic salt
- Miscellaneous mixed metal/non-metal
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| Molecular Framework | Not Available |
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| External Descriptors | Not Available |
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| Biological Properties |
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| Status | Detected and Not Quantified |
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| Origin | Exogenous |
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| Cellular Locations | |
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| Biofluid Locations | Not Available |
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| Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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| Pathways | | Name | SMPDB Link | KEGG Link |
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| Immunosuppressive Agents | Not Available | Not Available |
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| Applications | Not Available |
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| Biological Roles | Not Available |
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| Chemical Roles | Not Available |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Solid |
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| Appearance | Dark grey crystals. |
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| Experimental Properties | | Property | Value |
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| Melting Point | Not Available | | Boiling Point | Not Available | | Solubility | Not Available | | LogP | Not Available |
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| Predicted Properties | |
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| Spectra |
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| Spectra | | Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | View |
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| Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-0udi-0090000000-a7daca72165d9b2944d0 | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-0udi-0090000000-a7daca72165d9b2944d0 | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-0udi-0090000000-a7daca72165d9b2944d0 | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative | splash10-0udi-0090000000-2f1d0eb3859ca026febc | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative | splash10-0udi-0090000000-2f1d0eb3859ca026febc | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative | splash10-0udi-0090000000-2f1d0eb3859ca026febc | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum |
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| Toxicity Profile |
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| Route of Exposure | Inhalation (7) ; oral (7) ; dermal (7) |
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| Mechanism of Toxicity | Anaemia results from the excessive absorption of zinc suppressing copper and iron absorption, most likely through competitive binding of intestinal mucosal cells. Unbalanced levels of copper and zinc binding to Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase has been linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Stomach acid dissolves metallic zinc to give corrosive zinc chloride, which can cause damage to the stomach lining. Metal fume fever is thought to be an immune response to inhaled zinc. Phosphine inhibits cytochrome c oxidase, preventing mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. This non-competitive inhibition prevents cellular respiration and leads to multi-organ dysfunction. Phosphine can also react with hydrogen peroxide to form the highly reactive hydroxyl radical, which can cause lipid peroxidation. (2, 3, 6, 7, 1) |
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| Metabolism | Zinc can enter the body through the lungs, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. Intestinal absorption of zinc is controlled by zinc carrier protein CRIP. Zinc also binds to metallothioneins, which help prevent absorption of excess zinc. Zinc is widely distributed and found in all tissues and tissues fluids, concentrating in the liver, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, skin, lung, brain, heart, and pancreas. In the bloodstream zinc is found bound to carbonic anhydrase in erythrocytes, as well as bound to albumin, macroglobulin, and amino acids in the the plasma. Albumin and amino acid bound zinc can diffuse across tissue membranes. Zinc is excreted in the urine and faeces. Phosphine and metal phosphides may be absorbed following ingestion or inhalation, then distribute to the nervous system, liver, and kidney. In the body, metal phosphides are hydrolysed to phosphine, and phosphine is oxidized to hypophosphite and phosphite. Metabolites are excreted in the urine, while unchanged phosphine is exhaled. (12, 7) |
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| Toxicity Values | LD50: 40.5 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (5)
LD50: 2000-5000 mg/kg (Percutaneous, Rabbit) (4) |
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| Lethal Dose | Not Available |
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| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
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| Uses/Sources | Zinc phosphide is used as a rodenticide. (8) |
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| Minimum Risk Level | Intermediate Oral: 0.3 mg/kg/day (10)
Chronic Oral: 0.3 mg/kg/day (10) |
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| Health Effects | Chronic exposure to zinc causes anemia, atazia, lethargy, and decreases the level of good cholesterol in the body. It is also believed to cause pancreatic and reproductive damage. Inhalation of phosphine may cause severe pulmonary irritation leading to acute pulmonary oedema, cardiovascular dysfunction, CNS excitation, coma and death. Gastrointestinal disorders, renal damage and leukopenia may also occur. Chronic exposure to phosphine can result in anemia, bronchitis, gastrointestinal effects, and visual, speech and motor problems. (11, 12, 7) |
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| Symptoms | Ingestion of large doses of zinc causes stomach cramps, nausea, and vomiting. Acute inhalation of large amounts of zinc causes metal fume fever, which is characterized by chills, fever, headache, weakness, dryness of the nose and throat, chest pain, and coughing. Dermal contact with zinc results in skin irritation. Early symptoms of acute phosphine intoxication include pain in the diaphragm, nausea, vomiting, excitement, and a phosphorus smell on the breath. Higher levels can cause weakness, bronchitis, pulmonary edema, shortness of breath, convulsions, and death. Some effects, such as pulmonary edema, convulsions, and liver injury, may appear or continue to be present days after an exposure. Ingestion of metal phosphides results in release of phosphine in your stomach which can cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. (11, 7) |
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| Treatment | Zinc poisoning is treated symptomatically, often by administering fluids such as water or milk, or with gastric lavage. Artificial respiration, and/or administration of activated charcoal may be necessary to treat phosphine poisoning. (12, 7) |
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| Normal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| External Links |
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| DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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| HMDB ID | Not Available |
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| PubChem Compound ID | 25113606 |
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| ChEMBL ID | Not Available |
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| ChemSpider ID | 21241504 |
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| KEGG ID | Not Available |
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| UniProt ID | Not Available |
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| OMIM ID | |
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| ChEBI ID | Not Available |
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| BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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| CTD ID | C009701 |
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| Stitch ID | Zinc phosphide |
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| PDB ID | Not Available |
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| ACToR ID | 6570 |
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| Wikipedia Link | Not Available |
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| References |
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| Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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| MSDS | T3D0739.pdf |
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| General References | - Vonk WI, Klomp LW: Role of transition metals in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biochem Soc Trans. 2008 Dec;36(Pt 6):1322-8. doi: 10.1042/BST0361322. [19021549 ]
- Singh S, Bhalla A, Verma SK, Kaur A, Gill K: Cytochrome-c oxidase inhibition in 26 aluminum phosphide poisoned patients. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2006;44(2):155-8. [16615671 ]
- Proudfoot AT: Aluminium and zinc phosphide poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2009 Feb;47(2):89-100. doi: 10.1080/15563650802520675. [19280425 ]
- Tomlin CDS (ed) (1994). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium. 10th ed. Surrey, UK: The British Crop Protection Council.
- Krieger, R (2001). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Volume 2, 2nd ed. San Diego, California: Academic Press.
- Wikipedia. Zinc. Last Updated 24 March 2009. [Link]
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for zinc. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- Wikipedia. Zinc phosphide. Last Updated 16 March 2009. [Link]
- Wikipedia. Metallothionein. Last Updated 20 December 2008. [Link]
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2001). Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for Hazardous Substances. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2002). ToxFAQ for phosphine. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) INCHEM (1996). Poison Information Monograph for Phosphine. [Link]
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| Gene Regulation |
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| Up-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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| Down-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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