| Record Information |
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| Version | 2.0 |
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| Creation Date | 2009-06-19 21:58:24 UTC |
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| Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:23:18 UTC |
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| Accession Number | T3D1181 |
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| Identification |
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| Common Name | Uranyl nitrate |
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| Class | Small Molecule |
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| Description | Uranyl nitrate is a chemical compound of uranium. It is used as a negative stain in electron microscopy and in nuclear reprocessing. Uranium is a chemical element that has the symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a normal part of rocks, soil, air, and water, and occurs in nature in the form of minerals. Nitrite is a toxic compound known to cause methemoglobinemia. (11, 8, 9, 10) |
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| Compound Type | - Industrial/Workplace Toxin
- Inorganic Compound
- Nitrate
- Nitrite
- Pollutant
- Radioactive
- Synthetic Compound
- Uranium Compound
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| Chemical Structure | |
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| Synonyms | | Synonym | | Bis(nitrato)dioxouranium | | Bis(nitrato-ko)(dioxo)uranium | | Bis(nitrato-o)dioxouranium | | Bis(nitrato-o,o')dioxouranium | | Dinitratodioxouranium | | Uranium nitrate | | Uranium oxynitrate | | Uranyl dinitrate | | Uranyl nitric acid |
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| Chemical Formula | N2O8U |
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| Average Molecular Mass | 394.038 g/mol |
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| Monoisotopic Mass | 394.016 g/mol |
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| CAS Registry Number | 10102-06-4 |
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| IUPAC Name | dioxouranium dinitrate |
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| Traditional Name | uranium dioxide dinitrate |
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| SMILES | O=[U]=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O |
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| InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/2NO3.2O.U/c2*2-1(3)4;;;/q2*-1;;; |
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| InChI Key | InChIKey=QWDZADMNIUIMTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Description | belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as actinide nitrates. These are inorganic compounds in which the largest oxoanion is nitrate, and in which the heaviest atom not in an oxoanion is an actinide. |
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| Kingdom | Inorganic compounds |
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| Super Class | Mixed metal/non-metal compounds |
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| Class | Actinide oxoanionic compounds |
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| Sub Class | Actinide nitrates |
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| Direct Parent | Actinide nitrates |
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| Alternative Parents | |
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| Substituents | - Actinide nitrate
- Inorganic oxide
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| Molecular Framework | Not Available |
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| External Descriptors | Not Available |
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| Biological Properties |
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| Status | Detected and Not Quantified |
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| Origin | Exogenous |
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| Cellular Locations | |
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| Biofluid Locations | Not Available |
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| Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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| Pathways | Not Available |
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| Applications | Not Available |
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| Biological Roles | Not Available |
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| Chemical Roles | Not Available |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Solid |
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| Appearance | Yellow/green solid. |
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| Experimental Properties | | Property | Value |
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| Melting Point | 60°C | | Boiling Point | 118°C (decomposes) | | Solubility | Not Available | | LogP | Not Available |
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| Predicted Properties | |
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| Spectra |
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| Spectra | Not Available |
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| Toxicity Profile |
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| Route of Exposure | Oral (9) ; inhalation (9) ; dermal (9) |
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| Mechanism of Toxicity | Uranium is combined with either bicarbonate or a plasma protein in the blood but once in the kidney, it is released and forms complexes with phosphate ligands and proteins in the tubular wall, causing damage. Uranium may also inhibit both sodium transport-dependent and independent ATP utilization and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in the renal proximal tubule. Uranium causes respiratory diseases by damaging alveolar epithelium type II cells in the lungs. Uranium induces c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) activation, which in turn induces tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion and generates and inflammatory response in the lungs. Studies have shown that the more soluble the uranium salt, the more toxic it is. Ionizing radiation produced by uranium damages the DNA, resulting in gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations. This can both both initiate and promote carcinogenesis, and interfere with reproduction and development. Nitrate's toxicity is a result of it's conversion to nitrite once in the body. Nitrite causes the autocatalytic oxidation of oxyhemoglobin to hydrogen peroxide and methemoglobin. This elevation of methemoglobin levels is a condition known as methemoglobinemia, and is characterized by tissue hypoxia, as methemoglobin cannot bind oxygen. (3, 12, 9, 1) |
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| Metabolism | Uranium is absorbed in low amounts via oral, inhalation, and dermal routes. Uranium in body fluids generally exists as the uranyl ion (UO2)2+ complexed with anions, such as citrate and bicarbonate, or plasma proteins. Uranium preferentially distributes to bone, liver, and kidney. The large majority of uranium that enters the body is not absorbed and is eliminated from the body via the urine and faeces. Intake of some amount of nitrates and nitrites is a normal part of the nitrogen cycle in humans. In vivo conversion of nitrates to nitrites can occur in the gastrointestional tract under the right conditions, significantly enhancing nitrates' toxic potency. The major metabolic pathway for nitrate is conversion to nitrite, and then to ammonia. Nitrites, nitrates, and their metabolites are excreted in the urine. (11, 8) |
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| Toxicity Values | LD50: 2 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Rat) (4) |
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| Lethal Dose | Not Available |
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| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | Uranium: Group 1, carcinogenic to humans (6) |
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| Uses/Sources | Uranyl nitrate is used as a negative stain in electron microscopy and in nuclear reprocessing. (10) |
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| Minimum Risk Level | Intermediate Inhalation: 0.0004 mg/m3 (Soluble uranium salts) (5)
Chronic Inhalation: 0.0003 mg/m3 (Soluble uranium salts) (5)
Intermediate Oral: 0.002 mg/kg/day (Soluble uranium salts) (5)
Intermediate Inhalation: 0.008 mg/m3 (Insoluble uranium compounds) (5) |
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| Health Effects | Uranium primarily damages the kidney, but may also damage the lungs, central nervous system, and immune system. Uranium's radioactivity is believed to damage the DNA, resulting in carcinogenic effects and reproductive and developmental damage. Nitrate and nitrite poisoning causes methemoglobinemia. Nitrites may cause pregnancy complications and developmental effects. They may also be carcinogenic. (11, 8, 9) |
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| Symptoms | Ingestion of uranium may cause vomiting and diarrhea. Nitrate and nitrite poisoning causes methemoglobinemia. Symptoms include cyanosis, cardiac dysrhythmias and circulatory failure, and progressive central nervous system (CNS) effects. CNS effects can range from mild dizziness and lethargy to coma and convulsions. (11, 8) |
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| Treatment | Methemoglobinemia can be treated with supplemental oxygen and methylene blue 1% solution administered intravenously slowly over five minutes followed by IV flush with normal saline. Methylene blue restores the iron in hemoglobin to its normal (reduced) oxygen-carrying state. (12) |
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| Normal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| External Links |
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| DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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| HMDB ID | Not Available |
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| PubChem Compound ID | 24933 |
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| ChEMBL ID | Not Available |
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| ChemSpider ID | 22177973 |
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| KEGG ID | Not Available |
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| UniProt ID | Not Available |
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| OMIM ID | |
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| ChEBI ID | 25520 |
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| BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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| CTD ID | D014502 |
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| Stitch ID | Uranyl nitrate |
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| PDB ID | Not Available |
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| ACToR ID | Not Available |
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| Wikipedia Link | Uranyl_nitrate |
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| References |
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| Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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| MSDS | T3D1181.pdf |
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| General References | - Gazin V, Kerdine S, Grillon G, Pallardy M, Raoul H: Uranium induces TNF alpha secretion and MAPK activation in a rat alveolar macrophage cell line. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2004 Jan 1;194(1):49-59. [14728979 ]
- Vidaud C, Dedieu A, Basset C, Plantevin S, Dany I, Pible O, Quemeneur E: Screening of human serum proteins for uranium binding. Chem Res Toxicol. 2005 Jun;18(6):946-53. [15962929 ]
- Keszler A, Piknova B, Schechter AN, Hogg N: The reaction between nitrite and oxyhemoglobin: a mechanistic study. J Biol Chem. 2008 Apr 11;283(15):9615-22. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M705630200. Epub 2008 Jan 17. [18203719 ]
- Wrenn ME et al. (1987). The Potential Toxicity of Uranium in Water. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA-600/J-87/096
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2001). Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for Hazardous Substances. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (2014). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. [Link]
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1999). Toxicological profile for chlorophenols. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- Wikipedia. Uranium. Last Updated 28 May 2009. [Link]
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1999). Toxicological profile for uranium. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- Wikipedia. Uranyl nitrate. Last Updated 20 May 2009. [Link]
- ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Case Studies in Environmental Medicine. Nitrate/Nitrite Toxicity. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
- Wikipedia. Methemoglobinemia. Last Updated 22 July 2009. [Link]
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| Gene Regulation |
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| Up-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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| Down-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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