T3DB: Zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate

Identification Taxonomy Biological Properties Physical Properties Toxicity Profile Spectra Concentrations Links References Gene Regulation Targets (8)XML

Targets (8)

Record Information

Version

2.0

Creation Date

2009-06-19 21:58:49 UTC

Update Date

2014-12-24 20:23:57 UTC

Accession Number

T3D1465

Identification

Common Name

Zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate

Class

Small Molecule

Description

Zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate is a chemical compound of zinc. Zinc is a metallic element with the atomic number 30. It is found in nature most often as the mineral sphalerite. Though excess zinc in harmful, in smaller amounts it is an essential element for life, as it is a cofactor for over 300 enzymes and is found in just as many transcription factors. (4, 5)

Compound Type

Amine
Carbamate
Household Toxin
Industrial/Workplace Toxin
Organic Compound
Organometallic
Pesticide
Synthetic Compound
Zinc Compound

Chemical Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Synonym
(SP-4-1)-bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-zinc
(T-4)-bis (dimethyldithiocarbamate-S,S )zinc
(T-4)-bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-S ,S')-zinc
(T-4)-bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-zinc
(T-4)-Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamato-S,S')zinc
(T-4)-Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamato-S,S')zinc (9CI)
Aaprotect
Aaprotent
Aavolex
Aazira
Accelerator l
Accelerator MZ powder
Aceto zded
Aceto ZDMD
Alcobam ZM
Amyl zimate
Ancazate me
Antene
Bis(dimethylcarbamodithiato-s,s')-zinc
Bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-s,s')zinc
Bis(dimethyldithiocarbama to)zinc
Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamat)zinc
Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamato)zinc
Bis(n,n-dimetil-ditiocarbammato)di zinco
Bis-dimethyldithiocarbamate de zinc
Carbamic acid, dimethyldithio-, Z inc salt (2:1)
Carbamic acid, dimethyldithio-, zinc salt (2:1)
Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl-, zinc salt
Carbazinc
Caswell No. 931
Ciram
Corona corozate
Corozate
Crittam
Crittan
Crorzate
Cuman
Cuman l
Cymate
Dimethylcarbamodithioic acid, zinc complex
Dimethylcarbamodithioic acid, zinc salt
Dimethyldithiocarbamate zinc salt
Dimethyldithiocarbamic acid zinc salt
Dimethyldithiocarbamic acid, zinc salt
Drupina 90
Eptac 1
Fuclasin
Fuclasin ultra
Fuclasin-ultra
Fuklasin
Fungostop
Hermat ZDM
Hexazir
Karbam white
Methasan
Methazate
Methyl cymate
Methyl zimate
Methyl zineb
Methyl ziram
Mexene
Mezene
Micosin F30
Milam
Milbam
Milban
Molurame
MYCR onil
Mycronil
Nocceler PZ
Octocure ZDM-50
Orchard brand ziram
Perkacit ZDMC
Pomarsol z forte
Pomarsol z-forte
Pomarsolz
Pomarzol z-forte
Prodaram
Ramedit
RCRA waste no. P205
Rhodiacid
Rodisan
Sabceler PZ
Soxinal PZ
Soxinol PZ
Thiuram e
Tricarbamix z
Trikagol
Triscabol
Tsimat
Tsiram
Tsiram(russian)
Ultra zinc DMC
USAF p-2
Vancide
Vancide MA-96
Vancide mz-96
Vulcacure
Vulcacure ZM
Vulkacit l
Vulkacite l
Weisstaub
Z-c spray
Z-c-spray
Zarlate
Zarlate;carbamodithioic acid
ZC
Zeralte
Zerlate
Zimate
Zimate, methyl
Zinc bis dimethyldithiocarbamate
Zinc bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)
Zinc bis(dimethyldithiocarbamoyl) disulfide
Zinc bis(dimethyldithiocarbamoyl)disulfide
Zinc bis(dimethyldithiocarbamoyl)disulphide
Zinc bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyl) disulfide
Zinc bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyl)disulfide
Zinc dimethyl dithiocarbamate
Zinc dimethyldithiocarbamic acid
Zinc n,n-dimethyldithiocarbamate
Zincmate
Zink dimethyldithiocarbamate
Zink-bis(n,n-dimethyl-dithiocarbamaat)
Zink-bis(n,n-dimethyl-dithiocarbamat)
Zinkcarbamate
Ziradin
Ziram
Ziram F4
Ziram granuflo
Ziram technical
Ziram W7 6
Ziram W76
Zirame
Ziramvis
Zirasan
Zirasan 90
Zirberk
Zirberk thynylestradiol ram
Ziretec
Zirex 90
Zirex fungicide
Ziride
Zirthane
Zitox

Chemical Formula

C₆H₁₂N₂S₄Zn

Average Molecular Mass

305.842 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass

303.917 g/mol

CAS Registry Number

137-30-4

IUPAC Name

bis[(dimethylcarbamothioyl)sulfanyl]zinc

Traditional Name

ziram

SMILES

CN(C)C(=S)S[Zn]SC(=S)N(C)C

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/2C3H7NS2.Zn/c2*1-4(2)3(5)6;/h2*1-2H3,(H,5,6);/q;;+2/p-2

InChI Key

InChIKey=DUBNHZYBDBBJHD-UHFFFAOYSA-L

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

belongs to the class of organic compounds known as organic transition metal salts. These are organic salt compounds containing a transition metal atom in its ionic form.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organic salts

Class

Organic metal salts

Sub Class

Organic transition metal salts

Direct Parent

Organic transition metal salts

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Organic transition metal salt
Organic nitrogen compound
Organopnictogen compound
Hydrocarbon derivative
Organosulfur compound
Organonitrogen compound
Aliphatic acyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Not Available

External Descriptors

zinc molecular entity (CHEBI:79736 )
dithiocarbamate salt (CHEBI:79736 )
Dithiocarbamate fungicides (C15229 )
Dithiocarbamate pesticides (C15229 )

Biological Properties

Status

Detected and Not Quantified

Origin

Exogenous

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm
Extracellular

Biofluid Locations

Not Available

Tissue Locations

Not Available

Pathways

Not Available

Applications

Not Available

Biological Roles

Not Available

Chemical Roles

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Solid

Appearance

White crystals.

Experimental Properties

Property	Value
Melting Point	250°C
Boiling Point	Not Available
Solubility	0.065 mg/mL at 25°C [GUNTHER,FA et al. (1968)]
LogP	Not Available

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	0.12 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	1.86	ALOGPS
logP	1.74	ChemAxon
logS	-3.4	ALOGPS
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	0	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	6.48 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	4	ChemAxon
Refractivity	69.24 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	26.56 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	0	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	1	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	Yes	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	Yes	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-0udi-0139000000-e6dfbc43c92ba0245ebe	2019-02-22	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-000i-9100000000-c9631804bff9f34036cb	2019-02-22	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-014r-9750000000-18a89bf261bf4687dd26	2019-02-22	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-0udi-3119000000-93b3e9f8d240e91db696	2019-02-23	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-0uy0-9625000000-08c5f6307170a4d62ca7	2019-02-23	View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-014r-7971000000-d0912a64c40ba4d2c93a	2019-02-23	View Spectrum
MS	Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	splash10-0k9i-6539000000-4cf7031e44557fbc7ee3	2014-09-20	View Spectrum

Toxicity Profile

Route of Exposure

Oral (5) ; inhalation (5) ; dermal (5)

Mechanism of Toxicity

Anaemia results from the excessive absorption of zinc suppressing copper and iron absorption, most likely through competitive binding of intestinal mucosal cells. Unbalanced levels of copper and zinc binding to Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase has been linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Stomach acid dissolves metallic zinc to give corrosive zinc chloride, which can cause damage to the stomach lining. Metal fume fever is thought to be an immune response to inhaled zinc. (4, 5, 1)

Metabolism

Zinc can enter the body through the lungs, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. Intestinal absorption of zinc is controlled by zinc carrier protein CRIP. Zinc also binds to metallothioneins, which help prevent absorption of excess zinc. Zinc is widely distributed and found in all tissues and tissues fluids, concentrating in the liver, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, skin, lung, brain, heart, and pancreas. In the bloodstream zinc is found bound to carbonic anhydrase in erythrocytes, as well as bound to albumin, _2-macroglobulin, and amino acids in the the plasma. Albumin and amino acid bound zinc can diffuse across tissue membranes. Zinc is excreted in the urine and faeces. (5)

Toxicity Values

LD50: 18 mg/kg (Intravenous, Mouse) (2) LD50: 23 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Rat) (2) LD50: 320 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (3) LC50: 81 mg/m3 over 4 hours (Inhalation, Rat) (2)

Lethal Dose

Not Available

Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (8)

Uses/Sources

This is a man-made compound that is used as a pesticide.

Minimum Risk Level

Intermediate Oral: 0.3 mg/kg/day (7) Chronic Oral: 0.3 mg/kg/day (7)

Health Effects

Chronic exposure to zinc causes anemia, atazia, lethargy, and decreases the level of good cholesterol in the body. It is also believed to cause pancreatic and reproductive damage. (5)

Symptoms

Ingestion of large doses of zinc causes stomach cramps, nausea, and vomiting. Acute inhalation of large amounts of zinc causes metal fume fever, which is characterized by chills, fever, headache, weakness, dryness of the nose and throat, chest pain, and coughing. Dermal contact with zinc results in skin irritation. (5)

Treatment

Zinc poisoning is treated symptomatically, often by administering fluids such as water or milk, or with gastric lavage. (5)

Normal Concentrations

Not Available

Abnormal Concentrations

Not Available

External Links

DrugBank ID

Not Available

HMDB ID

Not Available

PubChem Compound ID

ChEMBL ID

ChemSpider ID

KEGG ID

UniProt ID

Not Available

OMIM ID

ChEBI ID

Not Available

BioCyc ID

CPD0-1710

CTD ID

D015039

Stitch ID

Zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate

PDB ID

Not Available

ACToR ID

1496

Wikipedia Link

Not Available

References

Synthesis Reference

Not Available

MSDS

T3D1465.pdf

General References

Vonk WI, Klomp LW: Role of transition metals in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biochem Soc Trans. 2008 Dec;36(Pt 6):1322-8. doi: 10.1042/BST0361322. [19021549 ]
Lewis RJ (1996). Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Tomlin CDS (ed) (1994). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium. 10th ed. Surrey, UK: The British Crop Protection Council.
Wikipedia. Zinc. Last Updated 24 March 2009. [Link]
ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005). Toxicological profile for zinc. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
Wikipedia. Metallothionein. Last Updated 20 December 2008. [Link]
ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2001). Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for Hazardous Substances. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
International Agency for Research on Cancer (2014). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. [Link]

Gene Regulation

Up-Regulated Genes

Not Available

Down-Regulated Genes

Not Available

Targets

Target Details

1. Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]

General Function:: Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:: Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
Gene Name:: SOD1
Uniprot ID:: P00441
Molecular Weight:: 15935.685 Da

References

Vonk WI, Klomp LW: Role of transition metals in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biochem Soc Trans. 2008 Dec;36(Pt 6):1322-8. doi: 10.1042/BST0361322. [19021549 ]

Target Details

2. Aromatase

General Function:: Oxygen binding
Specific Function:: Catalyzes the formation of aromatic C18 estrogens from C19 androgens.
Gene Name:: CYP19A1
Uniprot ID:: P11511
Molecular Weight:: 57882.48 Da

Binding/Activity Constants

Type	Value	Assay Type	Assay Source
AC50	0.04 uM	Tox21_Aromatase_Inhibition	Tox21/NCGC

References

Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]

Target Details

3. Cellular tumor antigen p53

General Function:: Not Available
Specific Function:: Not Available
Gene Name:: TP53
Uniprot ID:: P04637
Molecular Weight:: 43652.79 Da

Binding/Activity Constants

Type	Value	Assay Type	Assay Source
AC50	1.96 uM	APR_p53Act_24h_up	Apredica
AC50	0.20 uM	APR_p53Act_72h_up	Apredica

References

Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]

Target Details

4. Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1

General Function:: Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:: Tyrosine-protein phosphatase which acts as a regulator of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response. Mediates dephosphorylation of EIF2AK3/PERK; inactivating the protein kinase activity of EIF2AK3/PERK. May play an important role in CKII- and p60c-src-induced signal transduction cascades. May regulate the EFNA5-EPHA3 signaling pathway which modulates cell reorganization and cell-cell repulsion. May also regulate the hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway through dephosphorylation of MET.
Gene Name:: PTPN1
Uniprot ID:: P18031
Molecular Weight:: 49966.44 Da

Binding/Activity Constants

Type	Value	Assay Type	Assay Source
AC50	0.53 uM	NVS_ENZ_hPTPN1	Novascreen

References

Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]

Target Details

5. Glucocorticoid receptor

General Function:: Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:: Receptor for glucocorticoids (GC). Has a dual mode of action: as a transcription factor that binds to glucocorticoid response elements (GRE), both for nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, and as a modulator of other transcription factors. Affects inflammatory responses, cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Could act as a coactivator for STAT5-dependent transcription upon growth hormone (GH) stimulation and could reveal an essential role of hepatic GR in the control of body growth. Involved in chromatin remodeling. May play a negative role in adipogenesis through the regulation of lipolytic and antilipogenic genes expression.
Gene Name:: NR3C1
Uniprot ID:: P04150
Molecular Weight:: 85658.57 Da

Binding/Activity Constants

Type	Value	Assay Type	Assay Source
AC50	0.87 uM	NVS_NR_hGR	Novascreen

References

Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]

Target Details

6. Insulin receptor

General Function:: Receptor signaling protein tyrosine kinase activity
Specific Function:: Receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates the pleiotropic actions of insulin. Binding of insulin leads to phosphorylation of several intracellular substrates, including, insulin receptor substrates (IRS1, 2, 3, 4), SHC, GAB1, CBL and other signaling intermediates. Each of these phosphorylated proteins serve as docking proteins for other signaling proteins that contain Src-homology-2 domains (SH2 domain) that specifically recognize different phosphotyrosines residues, including the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K and SHP2. Phosphorylation of IRSs proteins lead to the activation of two main signaling pathways: the PI3K-AKT/PKB pathway, which is responsible for most of the metabolic actions of insulin, and the Ras-MAPK pathway, which regulates expression of some genes and cooperates with the PI3K pathway to control cell growth and differentiation. Binding of the SH2 domains of PI3K to phosphotyrosines on IRS1 leads to the activation of PI3K and the generation of phosphatidylinositol-(3, 4, 5)-triphosphate (PIP3), a lipid second messenger, which activates several PIP3-dependent serine/threonine kinases, such as PDPK1 and subsequently AKT/PKB. The net effect of this pathway is to produce a translocation of the glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4 from cytoplasmic vesicles to the cell membrane to facilitate glucose transport. Moreover, upon insulin stimulation, activated AKT/PKB is responsible for: anti-apoptotic effect of insulin by inducing phosphorylation of BAD; regulates the expression of gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzymes by controlling the activity of the winged helix or forkhead (FOX) class of transcription factors. Another pathway regulated by PI3K-AKT/PKB activation is mTORC1 signaling pathway which regulates cell growth and metabolism and integrates signals from insulin. AKT mediates insulin-stimulated protein synthesis by phosphorylating TSC2 thereby activating mTORC1 pathway. The Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway is mainly involved in mediating cell growth, survival and cellular differentiation of insulin. Phosphorylated IRS1 recruits GRB2/SOS complex, which triggers the activation of the Ras/RAF/MAP2K/MAPK pathway. In addition to binding insulin, the insulin receptor can bind insulin-like growth factors (IGFI and IGFII). Isoform Short has a higher affinity for IGFII binding. When present in a hybrid receptor with IGF1R, binds IGF1. PubMed:12138094 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long are activated with a high affinity by IGF1, with low affinity by IGF2 and not significantly activated by insulin, and that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short are activated by IGF1, IGF2 and insulin. In contrast, PubMed:16831875 shows that hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Long and hybrid receptors composed of IGF1R and INSR isoform Short have similar binding characteristics, both bind IGF1 and have a low affinity for insulin.
Gene Name:: INSR
Uniprot ID:: P06213
Molecular Weight:: 156331.465 Da

Binding/Activity Constants

Type	Value	Assay Type	Assay Source
AC50	1.18 uM	NVS_ENZ_hInsR_Activator	Novascreen

References

Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]

Target Details

7. ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5

General Function:: Atp binding
Specific Function:: Involved in DNA damage response. Involved in a RAD9A-related damage checkpoint, a pathway that is important in determining whether DNA damage is compatible with cell survival or whether it requires cell elimination by apoptosis. Modulates the RAD9A interaction with BCL2 and thereby induces DNA damages-induced apoptosis.
Gene Name:: ATAD5
Uniprot ID:: Q96QE3
Molecular Weight:: 207568.185 Da

Binding/Activity Constants

Type	Value	Assay Type	Assay Source
AC50	5.56 uM	Tox21_ELG1_LUC_Agonist	Tox21/NCGC

References

Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]

Target Details

8. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

General Function:: Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:: Nuclear receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the nuclear receptor binds to DNA specific PPAR response elements (PPRE) and modulates the transcription of its target genes, such as acyl-CoA oxidase. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis. ARF6 acts as a key regulator of the tissue-specific adipocyte P2 (aP2) enhancer. Acts as a critical regulator of gut homeostasis by suppressing NF-kappa-B-mediated proinflammatory responses. Plays a role in the regulation of cardiovascular circadian rhythms by regulating the transcription of ARNTL/BMAL1 in the blood vessels (By similarity).
Gene Name:: PPARG
Uniprot ID:: P37231
Molecular Weight:: 57619.58 Da

Binding/Activity Constants

Type	Value	Assay Type	Assay Source
AC50	7.70 uM	Tox21_PPARg_BLA_Agonist_ratio	Tox21/NCGC

References

Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]

Zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate (T3D1465)

Structure for T3D1465: Zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate

Targets

References

Binding/Activity Constants

References

Binding/Activity Constants

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