Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2009-06-22 16:08:33 UTC
Update Date2014-12-24 20:24:35 UTC
Accession NumberT3D1754
Identification
Common NameSodium bromide
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionSodium bromide is a chemical compound of sodium and bromine. It was widely used as an anticonvulsant and a sedative in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but today is only used in veterinary medicine, as an antiepileptic medication for dogs and cats. It is also used in photography. Bromine is a halogen element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35. Diatomic bromine does not occur naturally, but bromine salts can be found in crustal rock. (3, 6)
Compound Type
  • Bromide Compound
  • Household Toxin
  • Industrial/Workplace Toxin
  • Inorganic Compound
  • Synthetic Compound
Chemical Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
Synonym
Bromide salt of sodium
Bromide standard for ic
Bromnatrium
Bromosodium
Caswell No. 750A
Hydrobromic acid sodium salt
NABR
Sedoneural
Sodium bromide (JP15)
Sodium bromide (nabr)
Sodium bromide solution
sodium bromide, 82Br-labeled
Trisodium tribromide
WLN: na e
Chemical FormulaBrNa
Average Molecular Mass102.894 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass101.908 g/mol
CAS Registry Number7647-15-6
IUPAC Namebromosodium
Traditional Namebromosodium
SMILES[Na]Br
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/BrH.Na/h1H;/q;+1/p-1
InChI KeyInChIKey=JHJLBTNAGRQEKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as alkali metal bromides. These are inorganic compounds in which the largest halogen atom is Bromine, and the heaviest metal atom an alkali metal.
KingdomInorganic compounds
Super ClassMixed metal/non-metal compounds
ClassAlkali metal salts
Sub ClassAlkali metal bromides
Direct ParentAlkali metal bromides
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Alkali metal bromide
  • Inorganic sodium salt
  • Inorganic salt
Molecular FrameworkNot Available
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginExogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
PathwaysNot Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological RolesNot Available
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceWhite powder.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point747°C (anhydrous) 36°C (dihydrate)
Boiling PointNot Available
SolubilityNot Available
LogPNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
logP-0.56ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area0 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count0ChemAxon
Refractivity8.74 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability5.23 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0udi-0900000000-3d5d934b3b0818969e842019-02-22View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0udi-0900000000-52afa0462a45905fb7182019-02-22View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0udi-1900000000-12bc1fea1b4d8940e5682019-02-22View Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureOral (4) ; inhalation (4) ; dermal (4)
Mechanism of ToxicityBromine is a powerful oxidizing agent and is able to release oxygen free radicals from the water in mucous membranes. These free radicals are also potent oxidizers and produce tissue damage. In additon, the formation of hydrobromic and bromic acids will result in secondary irritation. The bromide ion is also known to affect the central nervous system, causing bromism. This is believed to be a result of bromide ions substituting for chloride ions in the in actions of neurotransmitters and transport systems, thus affecting numerous synaptic processes. (4, 5, 1)
MetabolismBromine is mainly absorbed via inhalation, but may also enter the body through dermal contact. Bromine salts can be ingested. Due to its reactivity, bromine quickly forms bromide and may be deposited in the tissues, displacing other halogens. (4)
Toxicity ValuesLD50: 3500 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (7) LD50: 2900 mg/kg (Subcutaneous, Rat) (7) LD50: 5000 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (7)
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Uses/SourcesNot Available
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsBromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Elemental bromine also burns the skin. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant and chronic exposure produces neuronal effects. This is called bromism and can result in central reactions reaching from somnolence to coma, cachexia, exicosis, loss of reflexes or pathologic reflexes, clonic seizures, tremor, ataxia, loss of neural sensitivity, paresis, papillar edema of the eyes, abnormal speech, cerebral edema, delirium, aggressiveness, and psychoses. (3, 4, 5)
SymptomsBromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Symptoms include lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, eye irritation with mucous secretions from the oropharyngeal and upper airways, coughing, dyspnoea, choking, wheezing, epistaxis, and headache. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant producing ataxia, slurred speech, tremor, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, dizziness, visual disturbances, unsteadiness, headaches, impaired memory and concentration, disorientation and hallucinations. This is called bromism. (4, 5)
TreatmentEYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDNot Available
HMDB IDNot Available
PubChem Compound ID253881
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL1644694
ChemSpider ID22712
KEGG IDNot Available
UniProt IDNot Available
OMIM ID
ChEBI ID63004
BioCyc IDNot Available
CTD IDC027938
Stitch IDSodium bromide
PDB IDNot Available
ACToR ID12136
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDST3D1754.pdf
General References
  1. Ziouzenkova O, Orasanu G, Sharlach M, Akiyama TE, Berger JP, Viereck J, Hamilton JA, Tang G, Dolnikowski GG, Vogel S, Duester G, Plutzky J: Retinaldehyde represses adipogenesis and diet-induced obesity. Nat Med. 2007 Jun;13(6):695-702. Epub 2007 May 27. [17529981 ]
  2. Golomb, BA (1999). A Review of the Scientific Literature As It Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses. Volume 2: Pyridostigmine Bromide. Washington, DC: RAND.
  3. Wikipedia. Bromine. Last Updated 9 June 2009. [Link]
  4. International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) INCHEM (1992). Poison Information Monograph for Bromine. [Link]
  5. Wikipedia. Potassium bromide. Last Updated 9 June 2009. [Link]
  6. Wikipedia. Sodium bromide. Last Updated 25 May 2009. [Link]
  7. The Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory of Oxford University (2005). Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for sodium bromide. [Link]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated GenesNot Available
Down-Regulated GenesNot Available

Targets

General Function:
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:
Essential for bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation (By similarity). Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Can hydrate cyanamide to urea. Involved in the regulation of fluid secretion into the anterior chamber of the eye. Contributes to intracellular pH regulation in the duodenal upper villous epithelium during proton-coupled peptide absorption. Stimulates the chloride-bicarbonate exchange activity of SLC26A6.
Gene Name:
CA2
Uniprot ID:
P00918
Molecular Weight:
29245.895 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
Inhibitory63000 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50339814
References
  1. Cincinelli A, Martellini T, Innocenti A, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT: Purification and inhibition studies with anions and sulfonamides of an alpha-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic seal Leptonychotes weddellii. Bioorg Med Chem. 2011 Mar 15;19(6):1847-51. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.02.015. Epub 2011 Feb 13. [21377369 ]
  2. Vullo D, Nishimori I, Minakuchi T, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT: Inhibition studies with anions and small molecules of two novel beta-carbonic anhydrases from the bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2011 Jun 15;21(12):3591-5. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.105. Epub 2011 Apr 28. [21570835 ]
  3. Vullo D, De Luca V, Scozzafava A, Carginale V, Rossi M, Supuran CT, Capasso C: Anion inhibition studies of the fastest carbonic anhydrase (CA) known, the extremo-CA from the bacterium Sulfurihydrogenibium azorense. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2012 Dec 1;22(23):7142-5. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.065. Epub 2012 Sep 27. [23072866 ]
  4. Nishimori I, Vullo D, Minakuchi T, Scozzafava A, Capasso C, Supuran CT: Restoring catalytic activity to the human carbonic anhydrase (CA) related proteins VIII, X and XI affords isoforms with high catalytic efficiency and susceptibility to anion inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2013 Jan 1;23(1):256-60. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.103. Epub 2012 Nov 9. [23200251 ]
  5. Monti SM, De Simone G, Dathan NA, Ludwig M, Vullo D, Scozzafava A, Capasso C, Supuran CT: Kinetic and anion inhibition studies of a beta-carbonic anhydrase (FbiCA 1) from the C4 plant Flaveria bidentis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2013 Mar 15;23(6):1626-30. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.087. Epub 2013 Jan 30. [23414801 ]
  6. Vullo D, Isik S, Del Prete S, De Luca V, Carginale V, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT, Capasso C: Anion inhibition studies of the alpha-carbonic anhydrase from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2013 Mar 15;23(6):1636-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.084. Epub 2013 Jan 29. [23414807 ]
General Function:
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:
Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Can hydrates cyanamide to urea.
Gene Name:
CA1
Uniprot ID:
P00915
Molecular Weight:
28870.0 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
Inhibitory4000 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50339814
References
  1. Cincinelli A, Martellini T, Innocenti A, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT: Purification and inhibition studies with anions and sulfonamides of an alpha-carbonic anhydrase from the Antarctic seal Leptonychotes weddellii. Bioorg Med Chem. 2011 Mar 15;19(6):1847-51. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.02.015. Epub 2011 Feb 13. [21377369 ]
  2. Vullo D, Nishimori I, Minakuchi T, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT: Inhibition studies with anions and small molecules of two novel beta-carbonic anhydrases from the bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2011 Jun 15;21(12):3591-5. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.105. Epub 2011 Apr 28. [21570835 ]
  3. Vullo D, De Luca V, Scozzafava A, Carginale V, Rossi M, Supuran CT, Capasso C: Anion inhibition studies of the fastest carbonic anhydrase (CA) known, the extremo-CA from the bacterium Sulfurihydrogenibium azorense. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2012 Dec 1;22(23):7142-5. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.065. Epub 2012 Sep 27. [23072866 ]
  4. Nishimori I, Vullo D, Minakuchi T, Scozzafava A, Capasso C, Supuran CT: Restoring catalytic activity to the human carbonic anhydrase (CA) related proteins VIII, X and XI affords isoforms with high catalytic efficiency and susceptibility to anion inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2013 Jan 1;23(1):256-60. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.103. Epub 2012 Nov 9. [23200251 ]
  5. Vullo D, Isik S, Del Prete S, De Luca V, Carginale V, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT, Capasso C: Anion inhibition studies of the alpha-carbonic anhydrase from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2013 Mar 15;23(6):1636-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.084. Epub 2013 Jan 29. [23414807 ]
General Function:
Voltage-gated chloride channel activity
Specific Function:
Voltage-gated chloride channel. Chloride channels have several functions including the regulation of cell volume; membrane potential stabilization, signal transduction and transepithelial transport.
Gene Name:
CLCN1
Uniprot ID:
P35523
Molecular Weight:
108625.435 Da
References
  1. Simchowitz L: Interactions of bromide, iodide, and fluoride with the pathways of chloride transport and diffusion in human neutrophils. J Gen Physiol. 1988 Jun;91(6):835-60. [3047312 ]
  2. Pusch M, Jordt SE, Stein V, Jentsch TJ: Chloride dependence of hyperpolarization-activated chloride channel gates. J Physiol. 1999 Mar 1;515 ( Pt 2):341-53. [10050002 ]
General Function:
Voltage-gated chloride channel activity
Specific Function:
Voltage-gated chloride channel. Chloride channels have several functions including the regulation of cell volume; membrane potential stabilization, signal transduction and transepithelial transport. May be important in urinary concentrating mechanisms.
Gene Name:
CLCNKA
Uniprot ID:
P51800
Molecular Weight:
75284.08 Da
References
  1. Simchowitz L: Interactions of bromide, iodide, and fluoride with the pathways of chloride transport and diffusion in human neutrophils. J Gen Physiol. 1988 Jun;91(6):835-60. [3047312 ]
  2. Pusch M, Jordt SE, Stein V, Jentsch TJ: Chloride dependence of hyperpolarization-activated chloride channel gates. J Physiol. 1999 Mar 1;515 ( Pt 2):341-53. [10050002 ]
General Function:
Voltage-gated chloride channel activity
Specific Function:
Voltage-gated chloride channel. Chloride channels have several functions including the regulation of cell volume; membrane potential stabilization, signal transduction and transepithelial transport. May be important in urinary concentrating mechanisms.
Gene Name:
CLCNKB
Uniprot ID:
P51801
Molecular Weight:
75445.3 Da
References
  1. Simchowitz L: Interactions of bromide, iodide, and fluoride with the pathways of chloride transport and diffusion in human neutrophils. J Gen Physiol. 1988 Jun;91(6):835-60. [3047312 ]
  2. Pusch M, Jordt SE, Stein V, Jentsch TJ: Chloride dependence of hyperpolarization-activated chloride channel gates. J Physiol. 1999 Mar 1;515 ( Pt 2):341-53. [10050002 ]
General Function:
Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function:
Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine. Functions as receptor for diazepines and various anesthetics, such as pentobarbital; these are bound at a separate allosteric effector binding site. Functions as ligand-gated chloride channel (By similarity).
Gene Name:
GABRA1
Uniprot ID:
P14867
Molecular Weight:
51801.395 Da
References
  1. Suzuki S, Kawakami K, Nakamura F, Nishimura S, Yagi K, Seino M: Bromide, in the therapeutic concentration, enhances GABA-activated currents in cultured neurons of rat cerebral cortex. Epilepsy Res. 1994 Oct;19(2):89-97. [7843172 ]
General Function:
Gaba-gated chloride ion channel activity
Specific Function:
Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine. Functions as receptor for diazepines and various anesthetics, such as pentobarbital; these are bound at a separate allosteric effector binding site. Functions as ligand-gated chloride channel.
Gene Name:
GABRB3
Uniprot ID:
P28472
Molecular Weight:
54115.04 Da
References
  1. Suzuki S, Kawakami K, Nakamura F, Nishimura S, Yagi K, Seino M: Bromide, in the therapeutic concentration, enhances GABA-activated currents in cultured neurons of rat cerebral cortex. Epilepsy Res. 1994 Oct;19(2):89-97. [7843172 ]
General Function:
Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function:
Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine. Functions as receptor for diazepines and various anesthetics, such as pentobarbital; these are bound at a separate allosteric effector binding site. Functions as ligand-gated chloride channel.
Gene Name:
GABRG2
Uniprot ID:
P18507
Molecular Weight:
54161.78 Da
References
  1. Suzuki S, Kawakami K, Nakamura F, Nishimura S, Yagi K, Seino M: Bromide, in the therapeutic concentration, enhances GABA-activated currents in cultured neurons of rat cerebral cortex. Epilepsy Res. 1994 Oct;19(2):89-97. [7843172 ]