| Record Information |
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| Version | 2.0 |
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| Creation Date | 2009-07-03 21:46:56 UTC |
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| Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:25:33 UTC |
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| Accession Number | T3D2471 |
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| Identification |
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| Common Name | Phallacidin |
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| Class | Protein |
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| Description | Phallacidin is one of a group of toxins from the death cap (Amanita phalloides) known as phallotoxins. The phallotoxins consist of at least seven compounds, all of which have seven similar peptide rings, isolated from the death cap (Amanita phalloides). (6) |
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| Compound Type | - Amide
- Amine
- Fungal Toxin
- Mycotoxin
- Natural Compound
- Organic Compound
- Phallotoxin
- Protein
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| Protein Structure |  |
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| Synonyms | | Synonym | | [28-(2,3-Dihydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-18-hydroxy-31-isopropyl-23-methyl-15,21,24,26,29,32,35-heptaoxo-12-thia-10,16,22,25,27,30,33,36-octaazapentacyclo[12.11.11.03,11.04,9.016,20]hexatriaconta-3(11 ),4,6,8-tetraen-34-yl](hydroxy)acetic acid |
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| Chemical Formula | Not Available |
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| Average Molecular Mass | 2570.930 g/mol |
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| CAS Registry Number | 26645-35-2 |
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| Sequence | Not Available |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Description | Not Available |
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| Kingdom | Organic Compounds |
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| Super Class | Organic Acids |
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| Class | Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives |
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| Sub Class | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues |
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| Direct Parent | Peptides |
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| Alternative Parents | Not Available |
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| Substituents | Not Available |
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| Molecular Framework | Not Available |
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| External Descriptors | Not Available |
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| Biological Properties |
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| Status | Detected and Not Quantified |
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| Origin | Exogenous |
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| Cellular Locations | - Acrosome
- Actin Cytoskeleton
- Actin Filament
- Axoneme
- Caveolae
- Cell junction
- Cell surface
- Cytoskeleton
- Cytosol
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Extracellular
- Extracellular matrix
- Focal adhesion
- Golgi apparatus
- Intermediate Filament
- Kinetochore
- Microtubule
- Mitochondrion
- Nerve Fiber
- Nucleolus
- Perinuclear region
- Plasma Membrane
- Ribosome
- Sarcoplasm
- Secretory Granule
- Secretory vesicle
- Tubulin
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| Biofluid Locations | Not Available |
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| Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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| Pathways | |
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| Applications | Not Available |
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| Biological Roles | Not Available |
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| Chemical Roles | Not Available |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Liquid |
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| Appearance | Clear solution. |
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| Experimental Properties | | Property | Value |
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| Melting Point | Not Available | | Boiling Point | Not Available | | Solubility | >10 mg/mL | | LogP | Not Available |
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| Predicted Properties | Not Available |
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| Spectra |
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| Spectra | | Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | View |
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| Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-01t9-0000000090-834dcff4eafef7906e8a | 2019-02-22 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-0w29-0000000940-92bb8e4f989481486504 | 2019-02-22 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-03di-6000000790-7f5b1669a08f201a6fb3 | 2019-02-22 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative | splash10-0f92-0000000970-31f9bda114f8fe58bf53 | 2019-02-23 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative | splash10-01wk-0000000910-6dcc3fd15dff4e599e7b | 2019-02-23 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative | splash10-00yi-3000000900-84d404facd3230321a61 | 2019-02-23 | View Spectrum |
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| Toxicity Profile |
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| Route of Exposure | Oral, dermal, inhalation, and parenteral (contaminated drugs). (2) |
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| Mechanism of Toxicity | Phallotoxins bind actin, preventing its depolymerization and poisoning the cell. They bind specifically at the interface between F-actin subunits, locking adjacent subunits together. This leads to a decrease in the rate constant for the dissociation of actin subunits from filament ends, which essentially stabilizes actin filaments through the prevention of filament depolymerization. Moreover, they inhibit the ATP hydrolysis activity of F-actin. (8, 1) |
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| Metabolism | Free toxin may be removed by opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system (primarily the liver and kidneys) or it may be degraded through cellular internalization via the lysosomes. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of digestive enzymes, including several proteases. |
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| Toxicity Values | LD50: 1.5 mg/kg (Mouse) (5) |
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| Lethal Dose | Not Available |
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| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
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| Uses/Sources | Phallisin is one of a group of toxins from the death cap (Amanita phalloides) known as phallotoxins. (6) |
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| Minimum Risk Level | Not Available |
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| Health Effects | Liver lesions, tachycardia, hypoglycemia, hypotension and electrolyte imbalance with acid- base disturbance (7). |
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| Symptoms | Hypovolemic shock; Gastrointestinal symptoms occur after a latent period and include abdominal pain, vomiting, and watery diarrhea. Neurologic symptoms are related to hepatic failure and may include encephalopathy, somnolence, confusion, coma and seizures (7). |
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| Treatment | Consider gastric lavage and activated charcoal. (3) |
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| Normal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| External Links |
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| DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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| HMDB ID | Not Available |
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| PubChem Compound ID | 44134886 |
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| ChEMBL ID | Not Available |
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| ChemSpider ID | 26540893 |
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| KEGG ID | Not Available |
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| UniProt ID | A0A023UBY3 |
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| OMIM ID | |
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| ChEBI ID | 52732 |
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| BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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| CTD ID | C017613 |
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| Stitch ID | Phallacidin |
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| PDB ID | Not Available |
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| ACToR ID | Not Available |
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| Wikipedia Link | Not Available |
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| References |
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| Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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| MSDS | T3D2471.pdf |
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| General References | - Huang ZJ, Haugland RP, You WM, Haugland RP: Phallotoxin and actin binding assay by fluorescence enhancement. Anal Biochem. 1992 Jan;200(1):199-204. [1595896 ]
- Peraica M, Domijan AM: Contamination of food with mycotoxins and human health. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2001 Mar;52(1):23-35. [11370295 ]
- Uusi-Oukari M, Korpi ER: Specific alterations in the cerebellar GABA(A) receptors of an alcohol-sensitive ANT rat line. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1991 Mar;15(2):241-8. [1647706 ]
- Rumack BH (2009). POISINDEX(R) Information System. Englewood, CO: Micromedex, Inc. CCIS Volume 142, edition expires Nov, 2009.
- Deshpande SS (2002). Handbook of food toxicology. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc.
- Wikipedia. Phallotoxin. Last Updated 5 July 2009. [Link]
- Wikipedia. Tramadol. Last Updated 8 August 2009. [Link]
- Wikipedia. Phalloidin. Last Updated 17 July 2009. [Link]
- Wikipedia. Mushroom poisoning. Last Updated 10 August 2009. [Link]
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| Gene Regulation |
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| Up-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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| Down-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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