T3DB: Chlorotoxin

Identification Taxonomy Biological Properties Physical Properties Toxicity Profile Spectra Concentrations Links References Gene Regulation Targets (15)XML

Targets (15)

Record Information

Version

2.0

Creation Date

2009-07-03 22:19:04 UTC

Update Date

2014-12-24 20:25:38 UTC

Accession Number

T3D2508

Identification

Common Name

Chlorotoxin

Class

Protein

Description

Chlorotoxin is a peptide toxin produced by the Egyptian scorpion (Leiurus quinquestriatus quinquestriatus). It blocks small-conductance chloride channels. The fact that Chlorotoxin binds preferentially to glioma cells compared with non-neoplastic cells or normal brain cells has allowed the development of new methods for the treatment and diagnosis of several types of cancer. (3)

Compound Type

Amide
Amine
Animal Toxin
Natural Compound
Organic Compound
Protein
Scorpion Toxin

Protein Structure

Synonyms

Synonym
ClTx
CTX

Chemical Formula

Not Available

Average Molecular Mass

4004.725 g/mol

CAS Registry Number

163515-35-3

Sequence

Not Available

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

Not Available

Kingdom

Organic Compounds

Super Class

Organic Acids

Class

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives

Sub Class

Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues

Direct Parent

Peptides

Alternative Parents

Not Available

Substituents

Not Available

Molecular Framework

Not Available

External Descriptors

Not Available

Biological Properties

Status

Detected and Not Quantified

Origin

Exogenous

Cellular Locations

Not Available

Biofluid Locations

Not Available

Tissue Locations

Not Available

Pathways

Not Available

Applications

Not Available

Biological Roles

Not Available

Chemical Roles

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Liquid

Appearance

Clear solution.

Experimental Properties

Property	Value
Melting Point	Not Available
Boiling Point	Not Available
Solubility	>10 mg/mL
LogP	Not Available

Predicted Properties

Not Available

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	Deposition Date	View

Toxicity Profile

Route of Exposure

Injection (sting/bite) (5)

Mechanism of Toxicity

Chlorotoxin blocks small conductance chloride channels. (3)

Metabolism

Free toxin may be removed by opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system (primarily the liver and kidneys) or it may be degraded through cellular internalization via the lysosomes. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of digestive enzymes, including several proteases.

Toxicity Values

LD50: 0.25 mg/kg (Subcutaneous, Mouse) (2)

Lethal Dose

Not Available

Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Uses/Sources

Chlorotoxin is a peptide toxin produced by the Egyptian scorpion (Leiurus quinquestriatus quinquestriatus). The fact that Chlorotoxin binds preferentially to glioma cells compared with non-neoplastic cells or normal brain cells has allowed the development of new methods for the treatment and diagnosis of several types of cancer. (3)

Minimum Risk Level

Not Available

Health Effects

Chlorotoxin has been shown to cause paralysis in prey animals of the Egyptian scorpion. (3)

Symptoms

Scorpion stings cause tingling or burning at the site of the sting. In more severe cases, symptoms may include spasm in the throat, feeling of thick tongue, restlessness, muscular fibrillation, abdominal cramps, convulsions, incontinence, hypertension, hypotension, oliguria, cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary edema, and respiratory failure. (1)

Treatment

An antivenom exists for Leiurus quinquestriatus stings. (4)

Normal Concentrations

Not Available

Abnormal Concentrations

Not Available

External Links

DrugBank ID

Not Available

HMDB ID

Not Available

PubChem Compound ID

Not Available

ChEMBL ID

Not Available

ChemSpider ID

Not Available

KEGG ID

Not Available

UniProt ID

P45639

OMIM ID

ChEBI ID

Not Available

BioCyc ID

Not Available

CTD ID

Not Available

Stitch ID

Not Available

PDB ID

1CHL

ACToR ID

Not Available

Wikipedia Link

Not Available

References

Synthesis Reference

Not Available

MSDS

T3D2508.pdf

General References

Dreisbach, RH (1983). Handbook of Poisoning. Los Altos, California: Lange Medical Publications.
Watt DD, Simard JM. Neurotoxic proteins in scorpion venom. J. Toxicol. Toxin Rev. 1984;3:181-221.
Wikipedia. Chlorotoxin. Last Updated 3 June 2009. [Link]
Wikipedia. Antivenom. Last Updated 1 July 2009. [Link]
Wikipedia. Scorpion toxin. Last Updated 12 July 2009. [Link]

Gene Regulation

Up-Regulated Genes

Not Available

Down-Regulated Genes

Not Available

Targets

Target Details

1. Chloride channel protein 1

General Function:: Voltage-gated chloride channel activity
Specific Function:: Voltage-gated chloride channel. Chloride channels have several functions including the regulation of cell volume; membrane potential stabilization, signal transduction and transepithelial transport.
Gene Name:: CLCN1
Uniprot ID:: P35523
Molecular Weight:: 108625.435 Da

References

Target Details

2. Chloride channel protein 2

General Function:: Voltage-gated chloride channel activity
Specific Function:: Voltage-gated chloride channel. Chloride channels have several functions including the regulation of cell volume; membrane potential stabilization, signal transduction and transepithelial transport.
Gene Name:: CLCN2
Uniprot ID:: P51788
Molecular Weight:: 98534.425 Da

References

Target Details

3. Chloride channel protein ClC-Ka

General Function:: Voltage-gated chloride channel activity
Specific Function:: Voltage-gated chloride channel. Chloride channels have several functions including the regulation of cell volume; membrane potential stabilization, signal transduction and transepithelial transport. May be important in urinary concentrating mechanisms.
Gene Name:: CLCNKA
Uniprot ID:: P51800
Molecular Weight:: 75284.08 Da

References

Target Details

4. Chloride channel protein ClC-Kb

General Function:: Voltage-gated chloride channel activity
Specific Function:: Voltage-gated chloride channel. Chloride channels have several functions including the regulation of cell volume; membrane potential stabilization, signal transduction and transepithelial transport. May be important in urinary concentrating mechanisms.
Gene Name:: CLCNKB
Uniprot ID:: P51801
Molecular Weight:: 75445.3 Da

References

Target Details

5. Chloride intracellular channel protein 1

General Function:: Voltage-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function:: Can insert into membranes and form chloride ion channels. Channel activity depends on the pH. Membrane insertion seems to be redox-regulated and may occur only under oxydizing conditions. Involved in regulation of the cell cycle.
Gene Name:: CLIC1
Uniprot ID:: O00299
Molecular Weight:: 26922.47 Da

References

Target Details

6. Chloride intracellular channel protein 2

General Function:: Voltage-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function:: Can insert into membranes and form chloride ion channels. Channel activity depends on the pH. Membrane insertion seems to be redox-regulated and may occur only under oxydizing conditions. Modulates the activity of RYR2 and inhibits calcium influx.
Gene Name:: CLIC2
Uniprot ID:: O15247
Molecular Weight:: 28356.1 Da

References

Target Details

7. Chloride intracellular channel protein 3

General Function:: Voltage-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function:: Can insert into membranes and form chloride ion channels. May participate in cellular growth control.
Gene Name:: CLIC3
Uniprot ID:: O95833
Molecular Weight:: 26648.135 Da

References

Target Details

8. Chloride intracellular channel protein 4

General Function:: Voltage-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function:: Can insert into membranes and form poorly selective ion channels that may also transport chloride ions. Channel activity depends on the pH. Membrane insertion seems to be redox-regulated and may occur only under oxydizing conditions. Promotes cell-surface expression of HRH3. Has alternate cellular functions like a potential role in angiogenesis or in maintaining apical-basolateral membrane polarity during mitosis and cytokinesis. Could also promote endothelial cell proliferation and regulate endothelial morphogenesis (tubulogenesis).
Gene Name:: CLIC4
Uniprot ID:: Q9Y696
Molecular Weight:: 28771.8 Da

References

Target Details

9. Chloride intracellular channel protein 5

General Function:: Voltage-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function:: Required for normal hearing (PubMed:24781754). It is necessary for the formation of stereocilia in the inner ear and normal development of the organ of Corti (By similarity). Can insert into membranes and form poorly selective ion channels that may also transport chloride ions. May play a role in the regulation of transepithelial ion absorption and secretion. Is required for the development and/or maintenance of the proper glomerular endothelial cell and podocyte architecture (PubMed:15184393, PubMed:18028448, PubMed:20335315).
Gene Name:: CLIC5
Uniprot ID:: Q9NZA1
Molecular Weight:: 46502.195 Da

References

Target Details

10. Chloride intracellular channel protein 6

General Function:: Voltage-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function:: May insert into membranes and form chloride ion channels. May play a critical role in water-secreting cells, possibly through the regulation of chloride ion transport (By similarity).
Gene Name:: CLIC6
Uniprot ID:: Q96NY7
Molecular Weight:: 73010.875 Da

References

Target Details

11. Chloride transport protein 6

General Function:: Voltage-gated chloride channel activity
Specific Function:: Chloride transport protein, initially identified as voltage-gated chloride channel. The presence of the conserved gating glutamate residues suggests that is functions as antiporter.
Gene Name:: CLCN6
Uniprot ID:: P51797
Molecular Weight:: 97287.84 Da

References

Target Details

12. H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 3

General Function:: Volume-sensitive chloride channel activity
Specific Function:: Mediates the exchange of chloride ions against protons. Functions as antiporter and contributes to the acidification of the endosome and synaptic vesicle lumen, and may thereby affect vesicle trafficking and exocytosis. May play an important role in neuronal cell function through regulation of membrane excitability by protein kinase C. It could help neuronal cells to establish short-term memory.
Gene Name:: CLCN3
Uniprot ID:: P51790
Molecular Weight:: 90965.275 Da

References

Target Details

13. H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 4

General Function:: Voltage-gated chloride channel activity
Specific Function:: Proton-coupled chloride transporter. Functions as antiport system and exchanges chloride ions against protons.
Gene Name:: CLCN4
Uniprot ID:: P51793
Molecular Weight:: 84915.965 Da

References

Target Details

14. H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 5

General Function:: Voltage-gated chloride channel activity
Specific Function:: Proton-coupled chloride transporter. Functions as antiport system and exchanges chloride ions against protons. Important for normal acidification of the endosome lumen. May play an important role in renal tubular function.
Gene Name:: CLCN5
Uniprot ID:: P51795
Molecular Weight:: 83146.045 Da

References

Target Details

15. H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 7

General Function:: Voltage-gated chloride channel activity
Specific Function:: Slowly voltage-gated channel mediating the exchange of chloride ions against protons. Functions as antiporter and contributes to the acidification of the lysosome lumen.
Gene Name:: CLCN7
Uniprot ID:: P51798
Molecular Weight:: 88678.26 Da

References

Chlorotoxin (T3D2508)

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