You are using an unsupported browser. Please upgrade your browser to a newer version to get the best experience on Toxin, Toxin Target Database.
Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2009-07-06 21:35:33 UTC
Update Date2014-12-24 20:25:47 UTC
Accession NumberT3D2630
Identification
Common NameSphingomyelinase D (Loxosceles intermedia)
ClassProtein
DescriptionSphingomyelinase D is a dermonecrotic agent produces by the Recluse spiders (genus Loxosceles). It is highly necrotic and causes significant tissue damage. (2)
Compound Type
  • Amide
  • Amine
  • Animal Toxin
  • Natural Compound
  • Organic Compound
  • Protein
  • Spider Toxin
Protein StructureT3d2630
Synonyms
Synonym
Dermonecrotic toxin 1
LiRedDT1
Phospholipase D LiSicTox-alphaIA1a
PLD
SMase D 1
SMD 1
Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase D 1
Sphingomyelinase D
Chemical FormulaNot Available
Average Molecular Mass34158.125 g/mol
CAS Registry Number9031-54-3
SequenceNot Available
Chemical Taxonomy
DescriptionNot Available
KingdomOrganic Compounds
Super ClassOrganic Acids
ClassCarboxylic Acids and Derivatives
Sub ClassAmino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues
Direct ParentPeptides
Alternative ParentsNot Available
SubstituentsNot Available
Molecular FrameworkNot Available
External DescriptorsNot Available
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginExogenous
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
PathwaysNot Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological RolesNot Available
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateLiquid
AppearanceClear solution.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting PointNot Available
Boiling PointNot Available
Solubility>10 mg/mL
LogPNot Available
Predicted PropertiesNot Available
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureInjection (sting/bite) (4)
Mechanism of ToxicitySphingomyelinase D catalyzes the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin, inducing complement-dependent haemolysis, dermonecrosis, blood vessel permeability and platelet aggregation. (1)
MetabolismFree toxin may be removed by opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system (primarily the liver and kidneys) or it may be degraded through cellular internalization via the lysosomes. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of digestive enzymes, including several proteases.
Toxicity ValuesNot Available
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Uses/SourcesSphingomyelinase D is a dermonecrotic agent produces by the Recluse spiders (genus Loxosceles). (2)
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsSphingomyelinase D can produce symptoms ranging from minor localized effects to severe dermonecrotic lesions, up to and including severe systemic reactions including renal failure, and in some cases, death. Even in the absence of systemic effects, serious bites may form a necrotising ulcer that destroys soft tissue and may take months and very rarely years to heal, leaving deep scars. (2)
SymptomsSphingomyelinase D is highly necrotic and causes significant tissue damage. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, fever, rashes, and muscle and joint pain. Rarely more severe symptoms occur including haemolysis, thrombocytopenia, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. This condition is termed loxoscelism. (2)
TreatmentSeveral antivenoms exists for Loxosceles stings. (3)
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDNot Available
HMDB IDNot Available
PubChem Compound IDNot Available
ChEMBL IDNot Available
ChemSpider IDNot Available
KEGG IDNot Available
UniProt IDP0CE80
OMIM ID
ChEBI IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
CTD IDNot Available
Stitch IDSphingomyelinase D
PDB IDNot Available
ACToR IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDST3D2630.pdf
General References
  1. The UniProt Consortium. The Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) Nucleic Acids Res. 2008;36:D190-D195.
  2. Wikipedia. Spider bite. Last Updated 5 July 2009. [Link]
  3. Wikipedia. Antivenom. Last Updated 1 July 2009. [Link]
  4. Wikipedia. Spider toxin. Last Updated 9 January 2009. [Link]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated GenesNot Available
Down-Regulated GenesNot Available