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Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2009-07-21 20:27:28 UTC
Update Date2014-12-24 20:25:52 UTC
Accession NumberT3D2866
Identification
Common NameFlurbiprofen
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionFlurbiprofen, a propionic acid derivative, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAIA) with antipyretic and analgesic activity. Oral formulations of flurbiprofen may be used for the symptomatic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and anklylosing spondylitis. Flurbiprofen may also be used topically prior to ocular surgery to prevent or reduce intraoperative miosis. Flurbiprofen is structurally and pharmacologically related to fenoprofen, ibuprofen, and ketoprofen.
Compound Type
  • Analgesic
  • Anti-Inflammatory Agent
  • Anti-Inflammatory Agent, Non-Steroidal
  • Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor
  • Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor
  • Drug
  • Metabolite
  • Organic Compound
  • Organofluoride
  • Synthetic Compound
Chemical Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
Synonym
(+-)-2-Fluoro-alpha-methyl-4-biphenylacetic acid
2-(2-Fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)propanoic acid
2-Fluoro-alpha-methyl-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-acetic acid
3-Fluoro-4-phenylhydratropic acid
Acustop Cataplasma
Adofeed
Ansaid
Antadys
Cebutid
FLP
Flurbiprofene
Flurbiprofeno
Flurbiprofenum
Flurofen
Froben
Froben Sr
Ocufen
Ocuflur
S-flurbiprofen
Stayban
Strefen
Strepfen
Strepsils
Strepsils Intensive
TransAct
Urbifen
Zepolas
Chemical FormulaC15H13FO2
Average Molecular Mass244.261 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass244.090 g/mol
CAS Registry Number5104-49-4
IUPAC Name2-{2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}propanoic acid
Traditional Nameflurbiprofen
SMILESCC(C(O)=O)C1=CC(F)=C(C=C1)C1=CC=CC=C1
InChI IdentifierInChI=1/C15H13FO2/c1-10(15(17)18)12-7-8-13(14(16)9-12)11-5-3-2-4-6-11/h2-10H,1H3,(H,17,18)
InChI KeyInChIKey=SYTBZMRGLBWNTM-UHFFFAOYNA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as biphenyls and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing to benzene rings linked together by a C-C bond.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassBenzenoids
ClassBenzene and substituted derivatives
Sub ClassBiphenyls and derivatives
Direct ParentBiphenyls and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Biphenyl
  • 2-phenylpropanoic-acid
  • P-cymene
  • Aromatic monoterpenoid
  • Monocyclic monoterpenoid
  • Monoterpenoid
  • Fluorobenzene
  • Halobenzene
  • Aryl halide
  • Aryl fluoride
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Organofluoride
  • Organohalogen compound
  • Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginExogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
  • Membrane
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
PathwaysNot Available
Applications
Biological Roles
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceWhite powder.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point110-111°C
Boiling PointNot Available
Solubility8 mg/L (at 22°C)
LogP4.16
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.025 g/LALOGPS
logP3.57ALOGPS
logP3.94ChemAxon
logS-4ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)4.42ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area37.3 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count3ChemAxon
Refractivity67.29 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability25.23 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings2ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0002-2940000000-9f5fff7c7dd3930840ab2017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0fft-9531000000-d8e1afedb8496d7ccae12017-10-06View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , Positivesplash10-002b-0900000000-1c9889f5fc33443c7b3b2017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , Positivesplash10-002b-0900000000-1791423706be24cc354b2017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , Positivesplash10-0229-3920000000-b822873abe0cc77b65002017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - , positivesplash10-002b-0900000000-1791423706be24cc354b2017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - , positivesplash10-002b-0900000000-1c9889f5fc33443c7b3b2017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - , positivesplash10-004i-2900000000-d74a9b309815da3ba05d2017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 35V, Negativesplash10-0002-0900000000-be4ed0fe252134b8d5d02021-09-20View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0002-0290000000-a84327eef03dc68e08c62016-08-02View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0002-0890000000-8fb4c7dcd6ef32ab325b2016-08-02View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-00ba-2910000000-570b59a950d65dd4631e2016-08-02View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-0006-0390000000-68c52b6d3396c526a75c2016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-0005-1950000000-7014af9c0d6f2fc23c182016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-00fr-5910000000-9a60410e16b662ddcff02016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0002-0090000000-cbd4141a005693f2c6aa2021-10-11View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0002-0940000000-f30f7aa21a68a7f1ab952021-10-11View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-004i-0900000000-2bf6ee99259baef460832021-10-11View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-002b-0910000000-b3fba75f1be1c305f3d62021-10-11View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-004i-0900000000-f48dedd82d182cffdfbf2021-10-11View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0fi0-0900000000-150de333ffe505b0359d2021-10-11View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)Not Available2014-09-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100.54 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)Not Available2014-09-23View Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureFluribiprofen is rapidly and almost completely absorbed following oral administration. Peak plasma concentrations are reached 0.5 - 4 hours after oral administration.
Mechanism of ToxicitySimilar to other NSAIAs, the anti-inflammatory effect of flurbiprofen occurs via reversible inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX), the enzyme responsible for the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2 (PGG2) and PGG2 to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) in the prostaglandin synthesis pathway. This effectively decreases the concentration of prostaglandins involved in inflammation, pain, swelling and fever. Flurbiprofen is a non-selective COX inhibitor and inhibits the activity of both COX-1 and -2. It is also one of the most potent NSAIAs in terms of prostaglandin inhibitory activity.
MetabolismHepatic. Cytochrome P450 2C9 plays an important role in the metabolism of flurbiprofen to its major metabolite, 4’-hydroxy-flurbiprofen. The 4’-hydroxy-flurbiprofen metabolite showed little anti-inflammatory activity in animal models of inflammation. Route of Elimination: Flurbiprofen is poorly excreted into human milk. Following dosing with flurbiprofen, less than 3% of flurbiprofen is excreted unchanged in the urine, with about 70% of the dose eliminated in the urine as parent drug and metabolites. Renal elimination is a significant pathway of elimination of flurbiprofen metabolites. Half Life: R-flurbiprofen, 4.7 hours; S-flurbiprofen, 5.7 hours
Toxicity ValuesLD50: 10 mg/kg (Oral, Dog) (2)
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Uses/SourcesFlurbiprofen tablets are indicated for the acute or long-term symptomatic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteorarthritis and anklosing spondylitis. It may also be used to treat pain associated with dysmenorrhea and mild to moderate pain accompanied by inflammation (e.g. bursitis, tendonitis, soft tissue trauma). Topical ophthalmic formulations may be used pre-operatively to prevent intraoperative miosis.
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsNot Available
SymptomsSymptoms of a flurbiprofen overdose may include nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, dizziness, drowsiness, black or bloody stools, coughing up blood, urinating less than usual or not at all, shallow breathing, fainting, or coma.
TreatmentPatients should be managed by symptomatic and supportive care following overdose with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. There are no specific antidotes. Emesis and/or activated charcoal (60 to 100 g in adults, 1 to 2 g/kg in children) and/or osmotic cathartic may be indicated in patients seen within 4 hours of ingestion with symptoms, or following a large overdose (5 to 10 times the usual dose). Forced diuresis, alkalization of urine, hemodialysis, or hemoperfusion may not be useful due to high protein binding. (8)
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDDB00712
HMDB IDHMDB14850
PubChem Compound ID3394
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL563
ChemSpider ID3277
KEGG IDNot Available
UniProt IDNot Available
OMIM ID
ChEBI ID5130
BioCyc IDNot Available
CTD IDNot Available
Stitch IDFlurbiprofen
PDB IDNot Available
ACToR IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkFlurbiprofen
References
Synthesis Reference

Yutaka Mizushima, Hiroyuki Okamoto, Shigetoshi Sugio, Kazumasa Yokoyama, Tadakazu Suyama, Masao Tohno, Makoto Okumura, Yoshiaki Konishi, Kiyonoshin Ichikawa, Katsuhiro Uchida, “Flurbiprofen derivative ophthalmic preparation.” U.S. Patent US5171566, issued January, 1984.

MSDSLink
General References
  1. Needleman HL, Schell A, Bellinger D, Leviton A, Allred EN: The long-term effects of exposure to low doses of lead in childhood. An 11-year follow-up report. N Engl J Med. 1990 Jan 11;322(2):83-8. [2294437 ]
  2. Wishart DS, Knox C, Guo AC, Cheng D, Shrivastava S, Tzur D, Gautam B, Hassanali M: DrugBank: a knowledgebase for drugs, drug actions and drug targets. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008 Jan;36(Database issue):D901-6. Epub 2007 Nov 29. [18048412 ]
  3. Geerts H: Drug evaluation: (R)-flurbiprofen--an enantiomer of flurbiprofen for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. IDrugs. 2007 Feb;10(2):121-33. [17285465 ]
  4. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [19515014 ]
  5. Calapai G, Imbesi S, Cafeo V, Ventura Spagnolo E, Minciullo PL, Caputi AP, Gangemi S, Milone L: Fatal hypersensitivity reaction to an oral spray of flurbiprofen: a case report. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2013 Aug;38(4):337-8. doi: 10.1111/jcpt.12073. Epub 2013 May 13. [23668805 ]
  6. Mironov GG, Logie J, Okhonin V, Renaud JB, Mayer PM, Berezovski MV: Comparative study of three methods for affinity measurements: capillary electrophoresis coupled with UV detection and mass spectrometry, and direct infusion mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 2012 Jul;23(7):1232-40. doi: 10.1007/s13361-012-0386-y. Epub 2012 Apr 28. [22544663 ]
  7. Drugs.com [Link]
  8. RxList: The Internet Drug Index (2009). [Link]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated Genes
GeneGene SymbolGene IDInteractionChromosomeDetails
Down-Regulated Genes
GeneGene SymbolGene IDInteractionChromosomeDetails

Targets

General Function:
Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity
Specific Function:
Converts arachidonate to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), a committed step in prostanoid synthesis. Constitutively expressed in some tissues in physiological conditions, such as the endothelium, kidney and brain, and in pathological conditions, such as in cancer. PTGS2 is responsible for production of inflammatory prostaglandins. Up-regulation of PTGS2 is also associated with increased cell adhesion, phenotypic changes, resistance to apoptosis and tumor angiogenesis. In cancer cells, PTGS2 is a key step in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which plays important roles in modulating motility, proliferation and resistance to apoptosis.
Gene Name:
PTGS2
Uniprot ID:
P35354
Molecular Weight:
68995.625 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
Inhibitory4.23 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50074922
IC500.01 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50074922
IC500.91 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50172479
References
  1. Bayly CI, Black WC, Leger S, Ouimet N, Ouellet M, Percival MD: Structure-based design of COX-2 selectivity into flurbiprofen. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 1999 Feb 8;9(3):307-12. [10091674 ]
  2. Kusuhara H, Komatsu H, Sumichika H, Sugahara K: Reactive oxygen species are involved in the apoptosis induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cultured gastric cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 Nov 3;383(3):331-7. [10594327 ]
  3. van Haeringen NJ, van Sorge AA, Carballosa Core-Bodelier VM: Constitutive cyclooxygenase-1 and induced cyclooxygenase-2 in isolated human iris inhibited by S(+) flurbiprofen. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Aug;16(4):353-61. [10977131 ]
  4. Smith T, McCracken J, Shin YK, DeWitt D: Arachidonic acid and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induce conformational changes in the human prostaglandin endoperoxide H2 synthase-2 (cyclooxygenase-2). J Biol Chem. 2000 Dec 22;275(51):40407-15. [11006278 ]
  5. Hinz B, Brune K, Rau T, Pahl A: Flurbiprofen enantiomers inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Pharm Res. 2001 Feb;18(2):151-6. [11405284 ]
  6. Needleman HL, Schell A, Bellinger D, Leviton A, Allred EN: The long-term effects of exposure to low doses of lead in childhood. An 11-year follow-up report. N Engl J Med. 1990 Jan 11;322(2):83-8. [2294437 ]
  7. Blobaum AL, Marnett LJ: Structural and functional basis of cyclooxygenase inhibition. J Med Chem. 2007 Apr 5;50(7):1425-41. Epub 2007 Mar 7. [17341061 ]
  8. Peretto I, Radaelli S, Parini C, Zandi M, Raveglia LF, Dondio G, Fontanella L, Misiano P, Bigogno C, Rizzi A, Riccardi B, Biscaioli M, Marchetti S, Puccini P, Catinella S, Rondelli I, Cenacchi V, Bolzoni PT, Caruso P, Villetti G, Facchinetti F, Del Giudice E, Moretto N, Imbimbo BP: Synthesis and biological activity of flurbiprofen analogues as selective inhibitors of beta-amyloid(1)(-)(42) secretion. J Med Chem. 2005 Sep 8;48(18):5705-20. [16134939 ]
  9. Cryer B, Feldman M: Cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 selectivity of widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Am J Med. 1998 May;104(5):413-21. [9626023 ]
General Function:
Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity
Specific Function:
Converts arachidonate to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), a committed step in prostanoid synthesis. Involved in the constitutive production of prostanoids in particular in the stomach and platelets. In gastric epithelial cells, it is a key step in the generation of prostaglandins, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which plays an important role in cytoprotection. In platelets, it is involved in the generation of thromboxane A2 (TXA2), which promotes platelet activation and aggregation, vasoconstriction and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells.
Gene Name:
PTGS1
Uniprot ID:
P23219
Molecular Weight:
68685.82 Da
References
  1. Rieke CJ, Mulichak AM, Garavito RM, Smith WL: The role of arginine 120 of human prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase-2 in the interaction with fatty acid substrates and inhibitors. J Biol Chem. 1999 Jun 11;274(24):17109-14. [10358065 ]
  2. Hewett SJ, Uliasz TF, Vidwans AS, Hewett JA: Cyclooxygenase-2 contributes to N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated neuronal cell death in primary cortical cell culture. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 May;293(2):417-25. [10773011 ]
  3. Kurahashi K, Shirahase H, Nakamura S, Tarumi T, Koshino Y, Wang AM, Nishihashi T, Shimizu Y: Nicotine-induced contraction in the rat coronary artery: possible involvement of the endothelium, reactive oxygen species and COX-1 metabolites. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2001 Oct;38 Suppl 1:S21-5. [11811354 ]
  4. Klegeris A, McGeer PL: Cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors protect against mononuclear phagocyte neurotoxicity. Neurobiol Aging. 2002 Sep-Oct;23(5):787-94. [12392782 ]
  5. Droge MJ, van Sorge AA, van Haeringen NJ, Quax WJ, Zaagsma J: Alternative splicing of cyclooxygenase-1 mRNA in the human iris. Ophthalmic Res. 2003 May-Jun;35(3):160-3. [12711844 ]
  6. Needleman HL, Schell A, Bellinger D, Leviton A, Allred EN: The long-term effects of exposure to low doses of lead in childhood. An 11-year follow-up report. N Engl J Med. 1990 Jan 11;322(2):83-8. [2294437 ]
General Function:
Toxic substance binding
Specific Function:
Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood. Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc.
Gene Name:
ALB
Uniprot ID:
P02768
Molecular Weight:
69365.94 Da
References
  1. Evans SM, Whittle BJ: Interactive roles of superoxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat intestinal injury provoked by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Eur J Pharmacol. 2001 Oct 19;429(1-3):287-96. [11698048 ]
  2. Takla PG, Schulman SG, Perrin JH: Measurement of flurbiprofen-human serum albumin interaction by fluorimetry. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 1985;3(1):41-50. [16867708 ]
  3. Gudgeon JR, Martin W: Modulation of arterial endothelial permeability: studies on an in vitro model. Br J Pharmacol. 1989 Dec;98(4):1267-74. [2514947 ]
  4. Aarons L, Khan AZ, Grennan DM, Alam-Siddiqi M: The binding of flurbiprofen to plasma proteins. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1985 Sep;37(9):644-6. [2867185 ]
  5. Castell JV, Larrauri A, Gomez-Lechon MJ: A study of the relative hepatotoxicity in vitro of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen, flurbiprofen and butibufen. Xenobiotica. 1988 Jun;18(6):737-45. [3420949 ]
  6. Needleman HL, Schell A, Bellinger D, Leviton A, Allred EN: The long-term effects of exposure to low doses of lead in childhood. An 11-year follow-up report. N Engl J Med. 1990 Jan 11;322(2):83-8. [2294437 ]
General Function:
Trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase activity
Specific Function:
Converts progesterone to its inactive form, 20-alpha-dihydroxyprogesterone (20-alpha-OHP). In the liver and intestine, may have a role in the transport of bile. May have a role in monitoring the intrahepatic bile acid concentration. Has a low bile-binding ability. May play a role in myelin formation.
Gene Name:
AKR1C1
Uniprot ID:
Q04828
Molecular Weight:
36788.02 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
IC50>100 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50074922
References
  1. Jamieson SM, Brooke DG, Heinrich D, Atwell GJ, Silva S, Hamilton EJ, Turnbull AP, Rigoreau LJ, Trivier E, Soudy C, Samlal SS, Owen PJ, Schroeder E, Raynham T, Flanagan JU, Denny WA: 3-(3,4-Dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-ylsulfonyl)benzoic Acids: highly potent and selective inhibitors of the type 5 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase AKR1C3. J Med Chem. 2012 Sep 13;55(17):7746-58. doi: 10.1021/jm3007867. Epub 2012 Aug 21. [22877157 ]
General Function:
Trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase activity
Specific Function:
Works in concert with the 5-alpha/5-beta-steroid reductases to convert steroid hormones into the 3-alpha/5-alpha and 3-alpha/5-beta-tetrahydrosteroids. Catalyzes the inactivation of the most potent androgen 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5-alpha-DHT) to 5-alpha-androstane-3-alpha,17-beta-diol (3-alpha-diol). Has a high bile-binding ability.
Gene Name:
AKR1C2
Uniprot ID:
P52895
Molecular Weight:
36734.97 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
IC5032.5 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50074922
References
  1. Jamieson SM, Brooke DG, Heinrich D, Atwell GJ, Silva S, Hamilton EJ, Turnbull AP, Rigoreau LJ, Trivier E, Soudy C, Samlal SS, Owen PJ, Schroeder E, Raynham T, Flanagan JU, Denny WA: 3-(3,4-Dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-ylsulfonyl)benzoic Acids: highly potent and selective inhibitors of the type 5 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase AKR1C3. J Med Chem. 2012 Sep 13;55(17):7746-58. doi: 10.1021/jm3007867. Epub 2012 Aug 21. [22877157 ]
General Function:
Trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase activity
Specific Function:
Catalyzes the conversion of aldehydes and ketones to alcohols. Catalyzes the reduction of prostaglandin (PG) D2, PGH2 and phenanthrenequinone (PQ) and the oxidation of 9-alpha,11-beta-PGF2 to PGD2. Functions as a bi-directional 3-alpha-, 17-beta- and 20-alpha HSD. Can interconvert active androgens, estrogens and progestins with their cognate inactive metabolites. Preferentially transforms androstenedione (4-dione) to testosterone.
Gene Name:
AKR1C3
Uniprot ID:
P42330
Molecular Weight:
36852.89 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
IC501.56 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50074922
References
  1. Jamieson SM, Brooke DG, Heinrich D, Atwell GJ, Silva S, Hamilton EJ, Turnbull AP, Rigoreau LJ, Trivier E, Soudy C, Samlal SS, Owen PJ, Schroeder E, Raynham T, Flanagan JU, Denny WA: 3-(3,4-Dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-ylsulfonyl)benzoic Acids: highly potent and selective inhibitors of the type 5 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase AKR1C3. J Med Chem. 2012 Sep 13;55(17):7746-58. doi: 10.1021/jm3007867. Epub 2012 Aug 21. [22877157 ]
General Function:
Retinal dehydrogenase activity
Specific Function:
Catalyzes the transformation of the potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) into the less active form, 5-alpha-androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol (3-alpha-diol). Also has some 20-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. The biotransformation of the pesticide chlordecone (kepone) to its corresponding alcohol leads to increased biliary excretion of the pesticide and concomitant reduction of its neurotoxicity since bile is the major excretory route.
Gene Name:
AKR1C4
Uniprot ID:
P17516
Molecular Weight:
37066.52 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
IC50>100 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50074922
References
  1. Jamieson SM, Brooke DG, Heinrich D, Atwell GJ, Silva S, Hamilton EJ, Turnbull AP, Rigoreau LJ, Trivier E, Soudy C, Samlal SS, Owen PJ, Schroeder E, Raynham T, Flanagan JU, Denny WA: 3-(3,4-Dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-ylsulfonyl)benzoic Acids: highly potent and selective inhibitors of the type 5 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase AKR1C3. J Med Chem. 2012 Sep 13;55(17):7746-58. doi: 10.1021/jm3007867. Epub 2012 Aug 21. [22877157 ]
General Function:
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. This enzyme contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan.
Gene Name:
CYP2C9
Uniprot ID:
P11712
Molecular Weight:
55627.365 Da
References
  1. Shimada T, Tanaka K, Takenaka S, Murayama N, Martin MV, Foroozesh MK, Yamazaki H, Guengerich FP, Komori M: Structure-function relationships of inhibition of human cytochromes P450 1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2C9, and 3A4 by 33 flavonoid derivatives. Chem Res Toxicol. 2010 Dec 20;23(12):1921-35. doi: 10.1021/tx100286d. [21053930 ]
General Function:
Not Available
Specific Function:
Keratin-binding protein required for epithelial cell polarization. Involved in apical junction complex (AJC) assembly via its interaction with PARD3. Required for ciliogenesis.
Gene Name:
FBF1
Uniprot ID:
Q8TES7
Molecular Weight:
125445.19 Da
References
  1. Borga O, Borga B: Serum protein binding of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: a comparative study. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm. 1997 Feb;25(1):63-77. [9353694 ]
General Function:
Transporter activity
Specific Function:
FABP are thought to play a role in the intracellular transport of long-chain fatty acids and their acyl-CoA esters. FABP2 is probably involved in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein synthesis. Binds saturated long-chain fatty acids with a high affinity, but binds with a lower affinity to unsaturated long-chain fatty acids. FABP2 may also help maintain energy homeostasis by functioning as a lipid sensor.
Gene Name:
FABP2
Uniprot ID:
P12104
Molecular Weight:
15207.165 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
Inhibitory26 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50074922
References
  1. Chuang S, Velkov T, Horne J, Porter CJ, Scanlon MJ: Characterization of the drug binding specificity of rat liver fatty acid binding protein. J Med Chem. 2008 Jul 10;51(13):3755-64. doi: 10.1021/jm701192w. Epub 2008 Jun 6. [18533710 ]
General Function:
Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function:
Involved in the renal elimination of endogenous and exogenous organic anions. Functions as organic anion exchanger when the uptake of one molecule of organic anion is coupled with an efflux of one molecule of endogenous dicarboxylic acid (glutarate, ketoglutarate, etc). Mediates the sodium-independent uptake of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS) (By similarity). Mediates the sodium-independent uptake of p-aminohippurate (PAH), ochratoxin (OTA), acyclovir (ACV), 3'-azido-3-'deoxythymidine (AZT), cimetidine (CMD), 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), hippurate (HA), indoleacetate (IA), indoxyl sulfate (IS) and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF), cidofovir, adefovir, 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) guanine (PMEG), 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) diaminopurine (PMEDAP) and edaravone sulfate. PAH uptake is inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzenesulphonate (PCMBS), diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC), sulindac, diclofenac, carprofen, glutarate and okadaic acid (By similarity). PAH uptake is inhibited by benzothiazolylcysteine (BTC), S-chlorotrifluoroethylcysteine (CTFC), cysteine S-conjugates S-dichlorovinylcysteine (DCVC), furosemide, steviol, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), calcium ionophore A23187, benzylpenicillin, furosemide, indomethacin, bumetamide, losartan, probenecid, phenol red, urate, and alpha-ketoglutarate.
Gene Name:
SLC22A6
Uniprot ID:
Q4U2R8
Molecular Weight:
61815.78 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
IC501.5 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50074922
References
  1. Mulato AS, Ho ES, Cihlar T: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs efficiently reduce the transport and cytotoxicity of adefovir mediated by the human renal organic anion transporter 1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 Oct;295(1):10-5. [10991954 ]