Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2009-07-23 18:26:06 UTC
Update Date2014-12-24 20:25:57 UTC
Accession NumberT3D3078
Identification
Common NameAconitine
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionAconitine is a plant toxin found in species of wolfsbane (Aconitum genus). It is a neurotoxin previously used as an antipyretic and analgesic, and still has some limited application in herbal medicine. (1). The toxic effects of Aconitine have been tested in a variety of different test animals, including mammals (dog, cat, guinea pig, mouse, rat and rabbit), frogs and pigeons. Depending on the route of exposure, the observed toxic effects were: local anesthetic effect, diarrhea, convulsions, arrhythmias or death. According to a review of different reports of aconite poisoning in humans the following clinical features were observed: Neurological, Cardiovascular, Ventricular arrhythmias, Gastrointestinal.
Compound Type
  • Amine
  • Ester
  • Ether
  • Natural Compound
  • Organic Compound
  • Plant Toxin
Chemical Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
Synonym
(1‘±,3‘±,6‘±,14‘±,16beta)-8-(acetyloxy)-20-ethyl-3,13,15-trihydroxy-1,6,16-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitan-14-yl benzoate
Aconitane
Aconitin cristallisat
Chemical FormulaC34H47NO11
Average Molecular Mass645.737 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass645.315 g/mol
CAS Registry Number302-27-2
IUPAC Name(1S,2R,3R,4R,5R,6S,7S,8R,9R,13R,14R,16S,17S,18R)-8-(acetyloxy)-11-ethyl-5,7,14-trihydroxy-6,16,18-trimethoxy-13-(methoxymethyl)-11-azahexacyclo[7.7.2.1²,⁵.0¹,¹⁰.0³,⁸.0¹³,¹⁷]nonadecan-4-yl benzoate
Traditional Nameaconitine
SMILES[H][C@@]12C[C@@]3(O)[C@]([H])(OC(=O)C4=CC=CC=C4)[C@]1([H])[C@@](OC(C)=O)([C@@]1([H])[C@]([H])(OC)[C@@]4([H])[C@]22C1([H])N(CC)C[C@]4(COC)[C@]([H])(O)C[C@]2([H])OC)[C@@]([H])(O)[C@]3([H])OC
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C34H47NO11/c1-7-35-15-31(16-41-3)20(37)13-21(42-4)33-19-14-32(40)28(45-30(39)18-11-9-8-10-12-18)22(19)34(46-17(2)36,27(38)29(32)44-6)23(26(33)35)24(43-5)25(31)33/h8-12,19-29,37-38,40H,7,13-16H2,1-6H3/t19-,20?,21+,22-,23+,24+,25-,26?,27+,28-,29+,31+,32-,33+,34-/m1/s1
InChI KeyInChIKey=XFSBVAOIAHNAPC-BHMXGGQCSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aconitane-type diterpenoid alkaloids. These are alkaloid diterpenoids with a structure based on the hexacyclic aconitane skeleton. These compounds have no oxygen functionality at the C7 atom.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassPrenol lipids
Sub ClassDiterpenoids
Direct ParentAconitane-type diterpenoid alkaloids
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Aconitane-type diterpenoid alkaloid
  • Quinolidine
  • Benzoate ester
  • Alkaloid or derivatives
  • Benzoic acid or derivatives
  • Benzoyl
  • Azepane
  • Benzenoid
  • Piperidine
  • Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Monocyclic benzene moiety
  • Tertiary alcohol
  • Cyclic alcohol
  • Tertiary aliphatic amine
  • Tertiary amine
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Carboxylic acid ester
  • Amino acid or derivatives
  • Azacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Polyol
  • Ether
  • Dialkyl ether
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Amine
  • Alcohol
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External DescriptorsNot Available
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginExogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cell junction
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
  • Microsome
  • Mitochondrion
  • Nerve Fiber
  • Plasma Membrane
  • Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
Pathways
NameSMPDB LinkKEGG Link
Bacterial ChemotaxisNot AvailableNot Available
Antiarrhythmic DrugsNot AvailableNot Available
Rna polymeraseNot Availablemap03020
AnticonvulsantsNot AvailableNot Available
ApoptosisNot Availablemap04210
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological RolesNot Available
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceWhite powder.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point204°C
Boiling PointNot Available
Solubility0.31 mg/mL at 25°C [SEIDELL,A (1941)]
LogPNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.71 g/LALOGPS
logP1.68ALOGPS
logP-0.54ChemAxon
logS-3ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)12.53ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.74ChemAxon
Physiological Charge1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count10ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count3ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area153.45 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count11ChemAxon
Refractivity161.8 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability67.75 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings7ChemAxon
Bioavailability0ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-054k-0200069000-d5c43adf2d9e5a964f8f2016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-1400095000-f69fe66a37b8742f9d882016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-3900330000-f75578a0c542f4c590992016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-0006-3100039000-2583a09e7f0123c13d6e2016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-056r-4200096000-b0486e36508050714f602016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-05i0-9400050000-88bb6a79c21e8a17f7982016-08-03View Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureOral (ingestion) (2) ; dermal (2)
Mechanism of ToxicityAconitine opens voltage-gated sodium channed in the heart and other tissues. (1)
MetabolismNot Available
Toxicity ValuesLD50: 0.166 mg/kg (Intravenous, Mouse) (1) LD50: 0.328 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (1) LD50: 1 mg/kg (Oral, Mouse) (1)
Lethal Dose1.5 to 6 mg for an adult human. (1)
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Uses/SourcesAconitine is a plant toxin found in species of wolfsbane (Aconitum genus). It is a neurotoxin previously used as an antipyretic and analgesic, and still has some limited application in herbal medicine. (1)
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsAconitine may cause death from respiratory paralysis and cardiac arrest. (1)
SymptomsSymptoms of acontine poisoning include paresthesia of the whole body, starting from the extremities, anesthesia, sweating and cooling of the body, nausea, and vomiting. Sometimes there is strong pain, accompanied by cramps, or diarrhea. (1)
TreatmentAs there is no antidote to acontine, treatment is symptomatic and may include administering atropine, strychnine or barakol. (1)
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDNot Available
HMDB IDNot Available
PubChem Compound ID245005
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL1979562
ChemSpider ID214292
KEGG IDC06091
UniProt IDNot Available
OMIM ID
ChEBI ID2430
BioCyc IDNot Available
CTD IDNot Available
Stitch IDAconitine
PDB IDNot Available
ACToR IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDST3D3078.pdf
General References
  1. Wikipedia. Aconitine. Last Updated 11 July 2009. [Link]
  2. Wikipedia. Phytotoxin. Last Updated 7 August 2009. [Link]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated GenesNot Available
Down-Regulated GenesNot Available

Targets

General Function:
Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
Specific Function:
Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient.
Gene Name:
SCN1A
Uniprot ID:
P35498
Molecular Weight:
228969.49 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Aconitine. Last Updated 11 July 2009. [Link]
General Function:
Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
Specific Function:
Tetrodotoxin-resistant channel that mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which sodium ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. Plays a role in neuropathic pain mechanisms.
Gene Name:
SCN10A
Uniprot ID:
Q9Y5Y9
Molecular Weight:
220623.605 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Aconitine. Last Updated 11 July 2009. [Link]
General Function:
Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
Specific Function:
This protein mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which sodium ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. It is a tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel isoform. Also involved, with the contribution of the receptor tyrosine kinase NTRK2, in rapid BDNF-evoked neuronal depolarization.
Gene Name:
SCN11A
Uniprot ID:
Q9UI33
Molecular Weight:
204919.66 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Aconitine. Last Updated 11 July 2009. [Link]
General Function:
Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
Specific Function:
Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient.
Gene Name:
SCN2A
Uniprot ID:
Q99250
Molecular Weight:
227972.64 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Aconitine. Last Updated 11 July 2009. [Link]
General Function:
Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
Specific Function:
Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient.
Gene Name:
SCN3A
Uniprot ID:
Q9NY46
Molecular Weight:
226291.905 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Aconitine. Last Updated 11 July 2009. [Link]
General Function:
Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
Specific Function:
This protein mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. This sodium channel may be present in both denervated and innervated skeletal muscle.
Gene Name:
SCN4A
Uniprot ID:
P35499
Molecular Weight:
208059.175 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Aconitine. Last Updated 11 July 2009. [Link]
General Function:
Voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in sa node cell action potential
Specific Function:
This protein mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. It is a tetrodotoxin-resistant Na(+) channel isoform. This channel is responsible for the initial upstroke of the action potential. Channel inactivation is regulated by intracellular calcium levels.
Gene Name:
SCN5A
Uniprot ID:
Q14524
Molecular Weight:
226937.475 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Aconitine. Last Updated 11 July 2009. [Link]
General Function:
Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
Specific Function:
Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient.
Gene Name:
SCN7A
Uniprot ID:
Q01118
Molecular Weight:
193491.605 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Aconitine. Last Updated 11 July 2009. [Link]
General Function:
Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
Specific Function:
Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. In macrophages and melanoma cells, isoform 5 may participate in the control of podosome and invadopodia formation.
Gene Name:
SCN8A
Uniprot ID:
Q9UQD0
Molecular Weight:
225278.005 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Aconitine. Last Updated 11 July 2009. [Link]
General Function:
Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
Specific Function:
Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. It is a tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na(+) channel isoform. Plays a role in pain mechanisms, especially in the development of inflammatory pain (By similarity).
Gene Name:
SCN9A
Uniprot ID:
Q15858
Molecular Weight:
226370.175 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Aconitine. Last Updated 11 July 2009. [Link]
General Function:
Voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in purkinje myocyte action potential
Specific Function:
Crucial in the assembly, expression, and functional modulation of the heterotrimeric complex of the sodium channel. The subunit beta-1 can modulate multiple alpha subunit isoforms from brain, skeletal muscle, and heart. Its association with neurofascin may target the sodium channels to the nodes of Ranvier of developing axons and retain these channels at the nodes in mature myelinated axons.Isoform 2: Cell adhesion molecule that plays a critical role in neuronal migration and pathfinding during brain development. Stimulates neurite outgrowth.
Gene Name:
SCN1B
Uniprot ID:
Q07699
Molecular Weight:
24706.955 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Aconitine. Last Updated 11 July 2009. [Link]
General Function:
Voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential
Specific Function:
Crucial in the assembly, expression, and functional modulation of the heterotrimeric complex of the sodium channel. The subunit beta-2 causes an increase in the plasma membrane surface area and in its folding into microvilli. Interacts with TNR may play a crucial role in clustering and regulation of activity of sodium channels at nodes of Ranvier (By similarity).
Gene Name:
SCN2B
Uniprot ID:
O60939
Molecular Weight:
24325.69 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Aconitine. Last Updated 11 July 2009. [Link]
General Function:
Voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential
Specific Function:
Modulates channel gating kinetics. Causes unique persistent sodium currents. Inactivates the sodium channel opening more slowly than the subunit beta-1. Its association with neurofascin may target the sodium channels to the nodes of Ranvier of developing axons and retain these channels at the nodes in mature myelinated axons (By similarity).
Gene Name:
SCN3B
Uniprot ID:
Q9NY72
Molecular Weight:
24702.08 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Aconitine. Last Updated 11 July 2009. [Link]
General Function:
Voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential
Specific Function:
Modulates channel gating kinetics. Causes negative shifts in the voltage dependence of activation of certain alpha sodium channels, but does not affect the voltage dependence of inactivation. Modulates the suceptibility of the sodium channel to inhibition by toxic peptides from spider, scorpion, wasp and sea anemone venom.
Gene Name:
SCN4B
Uniprot ID:
Q8IWT1
Molecular Weight:
24968.755 Da
References
  1. Wikipedia. Aconitine. Last Updated 11 July 2009. [Link]