You are using an unsupported browser. Please upgrade your browser to a newer version to get the best experience on Toxin, Toxin Target Database.

Patulin (T3D3661)

IdentificationTaxonomyBiological PropertiesPhysical PropertiesToxicity ProfileSpectraConcentrationsLinksReferencesGene RegulationTargets (77)XML
Targets (77)
Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2009-12-17 22:12:11 UTC
Update Date2014-12-24 20:26:18 UTC
Accession NumberT3D3661
Identification
Common NamePatulin
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionPatulin is found in pomes. Mycotoxin, found as a contaminant of foods, e.g. apple juice. Sometimes detd. in apple juice Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by a variety of molds, particularly Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is commonly found in rotting apples, and the amount of patulin in apple products is generally viewed as a measure of the quality of the apples used in production. It is not a particularly potent toxin, but a number of studies have shown that it is genotoxic, which has led to some theories that it may be a carcinogen, though animal studies have remained inconclusive. Patulin is also an antibiotic. Several countries have instituted patulin restrictions in apple products. The World Health Organization recommends a maximum concentration of 50 ug/L in apple juice. Patulin has been shown to exhibit apoptotic and antibiotic functions (5, 6). Patulin belongs to the family of Pyrans. These are compounds containing a pyran ring, which is a six-member heterocyclic, non-aromatic ring with five carbon atoms, one oxygen atom and two ring double bonds.
Compound Type
  • Ester
  • Food Toxin
  • Fungal Toxin
  • Industrial/Workplace Toxin
  • Metabolite
  • Mycotoxin
  • Natural Compound
  • Organic Compound
Chemical Structure
Thumb
MOLSDFPDBSMILESInChI
Synonyms
Synonym
2,4-Dihydroxy-2H-pyran-alpha -acetic acid, 3, 4-lactone
2H-Pyran-alpha )-acetic acid, 2, 4-dihydroxy-,3,4-lactone
2H-Pyran-alpha )-acetic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy-, 3,4-lactone
4,6-Dihydro-4-hydroxy-2H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2-one
4-Hydroxy-4,6-dihydrofuro[4,5-c]pyran-2-one
4-Hydroxy-4H-Furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one
4-Hydroxy-4H-Furo(3,3-c)pyran-2(6H)-one
4-Hydroxy-4H-Furo[3,2-c]pyran-2(6H)-one
4-Hydroxy-4H-furo[3,2-c]pyran-2(6H)-one, 9CI, 8CI
Antibiotic Sch 351633
Antibiotic YS 1649
Clairformin
Clavacin
Clavatin
Clavicin
Claviform
Claviformin
Clavitin
Expansin
Expansine
Expansion
Flavicin
Gigantic acid?
Gigantin
Leucopin
Mycoin
Mycoin c
Mycoin C3
Mycoine C3
Mycosin
PAT
Patuline
Penatin
Penicidin
Sch 351633
Tercinin
Terinin
YS 1649
Chemical FormulaC7H6O4
Average Molecular Mass154.120 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass154.027 g/mol
CAS Registry Number149-29-1
IUPAC Name4-hydroxy-2H,4H,6H-furo[3,2-c]pyran-2-one
Traditional Namepatulin
SMILESOC1OCC=C2OC(=O)C=C12
InChI IdentifierInChI=1/C7H6O4/c8-6-3-4-5(11-6)1-2-10-7(4)9/h1,3,7,9H,2H2
InChI KeyInChIKey=ZRWPUFFVAOMMNM-UHFFFAOYNA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrans. Pyrans are compounds containing a pyran ring, which is a six-member heterocyclic, non-aromatic ring with five carbon atoms, one oxygen atom and two ring double bonds.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganoheterocyclic compounds
ClassPyrans
Sub ClassNot Available
Direct ParentPyrans
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • 2-furanone
  • Pyran
  • Dihydrofuran
  • Enol ester
  • Alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester
  • Enoate ester
  • Carboxylic acid ester
  • Hemiacetal
  • Lactone
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Oxacycle
  • Carbonyl group
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginExogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
PathwaysNot Available
Applications
Biological Roles
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceCompact prisms.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point111°C
Boiling PointNot Available
SolubilityNot Available
LogPNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility163 g/LALOGPS
logP-0.27ALOGPS
logP-0.38ChemAxon
logS0.02ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)11.65ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-4.3ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area55.76 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count0ChemAxon
Refractivity37.03 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability13.77 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings2ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-004i-9700000000-5a48339184b0b89625042017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00gr-9600000000-3451d632d4f834dc62cc2017-10-06View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-0900000000-06be4453ffa97f478a452021-09-20View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-0900000000-d4bddadeb22df078c3c92016-06-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-3900000000-0775e607edc3b24dad132016-06-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-00di-9100000000-37c4497452b5b85a32f72016-06-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-0udi-0900000000-a5039689c3996db298722016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-0zfr-1900000000-d8df1f0a351c47943c802016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-06uu-9200000000-cd27858111b7a99f8a9a2016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-0900000000-77b51b14a11efa7e4bd72021-09-23View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-1900000000-f1deb55458afa0cf487a2021-09-23View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0pbc-9200000000-ec01329ad017386b52112021-09-23View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-0udi-0900000000-5328d4e45a2fa398896e2021-09-25View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-1000-3900000000-b2db7ade21b45c80a3162021-09-25View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-00kf-9200000000-780f5433ebd56a09e2032021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-25View Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureOral, dermal, inhalation, and parenteral (contaminated drugs). (3)
Mechanism of ToxicityPatulin's strong affinity to sulfhydryl groups enables to to inhibit a number of enzymes, including succinate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenases, ATPases, acetylcholinesterase, aldolases, protein tyrosine phosphatases, RNA polymerases, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, ribonuclease H, and lactate dehydrogenase. This widespread enzyme inhibition has a number of effects, including inhibition of aerobic respiration, inhibition of RNA synthesis, and inhibition of protein synthesis. Patulin also affects some aspects of membrane permeability and causes DNA-strand breakage and chromosomal aberrations, likely contributing to it's genotoxicity. Patulin may also cause the development of allergies by inhibiting interferon-gamma production. Mycotoxins are often able to enter the liver and kidney by human organic anion transporters (hOATs) and human organic cation transporters (hOCTs). They can also inhibit uptake of anions and cations by these transporters, interefering with the secretion of endogenous metabolites, drugs, and xenobiotics including themselves. This results in increased cellular accumulation of toxic compounds causing nephro- and hepatotoxicity. (14, 1, 2)
MetabolismMetabolism of patulin is limited. No metabolic products have been identified. It is quite likely that the metabolic fragments or conjugated metabolites of patulin either are bound to the cell membrane or become incorporated into the cellular components. (14)
Toxicity ValuesLD50: 29-48 mg/kg (Oral, Mouse) (15) LD50: 10 mg/kg (Subcutaneous, Mosue) (15) LD50: 5.7-8.17 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (15) LD50: 8.57 mg/kg (Intravenous, Mouse) (15)
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (11)
Uses/SourcesPatulin is a mycotoxin produced by a variety of molds, particularly Aspergillus and Penicillium. Although patulin can occur in many molding fruits, grains and other foods, the major source of patulin contamination is in apples with brown rot, and in apple cider or apple juice. Patulin is also an antibiotic. (13, 14)
Minimum Risk LevelThe World Health Organization recommends a maximum concentration of 50 µg/kg (50 ppb) in juices. (15)
Health EffectsAnimals studies have shown patulin to cause gastrointestinal hyperemia, distension, hemorrhage and ulceration. It has also been shown to be immunotoxic, and neurotoxic. (15, 16)
SymptomsSkin irritation occurs in cases of topical exposure. Patulin is also a stomach irritant and causes nausea and vomiting if ingested. (16)
TreatmentSymptomatic and supportive care is the mainstay of therapy. (4)
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDNot Available
HMDB IDHMDB34299
PubChem Compound ID4696
ChEMBL IDNot Available
ChemSpider ID4534
KEGG IDC16748
UniProt IDNot Available
OMIM ID
ChEBI IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
CTD IDNot Available
Stitch IDNot Available
PDB IDNot Available
ACToR IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkPatulin
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDST3D3661.pdf
General References
  1. Wichmann G, Herbarth O, Lehmann I: The mycotoxins citrinin, gliotoxin, and patulin affect interferon-gamma rather than interleukin-4 production in human blood cells. Environ Toxicol. 2002;17(3):211-8. [12112629 ]
  2. Tachampa K, Takeda M, Khamdang S, Noshiro-Kofuji R, Tsuda M, Jariyawat S, Fukutomi T, Sophasan S, Anzai N, Endou H: Interactions of organic anion transporters and organic cation transporters with mycotoxins. J Pharmacol Sci. 2008 Mar;106(3):435-43. Epub 2008 Mar 5. [18319568 ]
  3. Peraica M, Domijan AM: Contamination of food with mycotoxins and human health. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2001 Mar;52(1):23-35. [11370295 ]
  4. Grond S, Sablotzki A: Clinical pharmacology of tramadol. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2004;43(13):879-923. [15509185 ]
  5. Ozsoy N, Selmanoglu G, Kockaya EA, Gul N, Cebesoy S: Effect of patulin on the interdigitating dendritic cells (IDCs) of rat thymus. Cell Biochem Funct. 2008 Mar-Apr;26(2):192-6. [17702051 ]
  6. McKinley ER, Carlton WW, Boon GD: Patulin mycotoxicosis in the rat: toxicology, pathology and clinical pathology. Food Chem Toxicol. 1982 Jun;20(3):289-300. [7201955 ]
  7. Lindroth S, von Wright A: Comparison of the toxicities of patulin and patulin adducts formed with cysteine. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1978 Jun;35(6):1003-7. [354524 ]
  8. Rumack BH POISINDEX(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2010; CCIS Volume 143, edition expires Feb, 2010. Hall AH & Rumack BH (Eds): TOMES(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2010; CCIS Volume 143, edition expires Feb, 2010.
  9. Rodricks, J.V., C. W. Hesseltine, and M. A. Mehlman (eds.). Mycotoxins in Human and Animal Health, Proceedings of Conference....Univ. of MD. October 4-8, 1976. Park Forest South, Illinois: Pathotox Publishers, Inc. 1977., p. 613
  10. Yannai, Shmuel. (2004) Dictionary of food compounds with CD-ROM: Additives, flavors, and ingredients. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
  11. International Agency for Research on Cancer (2014). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. [Link]
  12. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (1967).Tenth Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series. [Link]
  13. Wikipedia. Patulin. Last Updated 1 April 2010. [Link]
  14. International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) INCHEM (1988). Summary of Evaluations Performed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives for Patulin. [Link]
  15. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture: Food and Rural Affairs (2009). Patulin Factsheet. [Link]
  16. Know Mycotoxins (2008). Patulin. [Link]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated Genes
GeneGene SymbolGene IDInteractionChromosomeDetails
Down-Regulated Genes
GeneGene SymbolGene IDInteractionChromosomeDetails

Targets

Target Details
1. Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1
General Function:
Steroid hormone binding
Specific Function:
This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium ions, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients.
Gene Name:
ATP1A1
Uniprot ID:
P05023
Molecular Weight:
112895.01 Da
References
  1. Phillips TD, Hayes AW: Effects of patulin on adenosine triphosphatase activities in the mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1977 Oct;42(1):175-87. [145040 ]
  2. Deshpande SS (2002). Handbook of food toxicology. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc.
Target Details
2. DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB1
General Function:
Ubiquitin protein ligase binding
Specific Function:
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Largest and catalytic component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Forms the polymerase active center together with the second largest subunit. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB1 is part of the core element with the central large cleft, the clamp element that moves to open and close the cleft and the jaws that are thought to grab the incoming DNA template. At the start of transcription, a single-stranded DNA template strand of the promoter is positioned within the central active site cleft of Pol II. A bridging helix emanates from RPB1 and crosses the cleft near the catalytic site and is thought to promote translocation of Pol II by acting as a ratchet that moves the RNA-DNA hybrid through the active site by switching from straight to bent conformations at each step of nucleotide addition. During transcription elongation, Pol II moves on the template as the transcript elongates. Elongation is influenced by the phosphorylation status of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Pol II largest subunit (RPB1), which serves as a platform for assembly of factors that regulate transcription initiation, elongation, termination and mRNA processing. Acts as an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase when associated with small delta antigen of Hepatitis delta virus, acting both as a replicate and transcriptase for the viral RNA circular genome.
Gene Name:
POLR2A
Uniprot ID:
P24928
Molecular Weight:
217174.235 Da
References
  1. Tashiro F, Hiral K, Ueno Y: Inhibitory effects of carcinogenic mycotoxins on deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase and ribonuclease H. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979 Aug;38(2):191-6. [117749 ]
Target Details
3. DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB11-a
General Function:
Lrr domain binding
Specific Function:
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB11 is part of the core element with the central large cleft (By similarity).
Gene Name:
POLR2J
Uniprot ID:
P52435
Molecular Weight:
13293.19 Da
References
  1. Tashiro F, Hiral K, Ueno Y: Inhibitory effects of carcinogenic mycotoxins on deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase and ribonuclease H. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979 Aug;38(2):191-6. [117749 ]
Target Details
4. DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB11-b1
General Function:
Dna-directed rna polymerase activity
Specific Function:
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB11 is part of the core element with the central large cleft (By similarity).
Gene Name:
POLR2J2
Uniprot ID:
Q9GZM3
Molecular Weight:
13088.14 Da
References
  1. Tashiro F, Hiral K, Ueno Y: Inhibitory effects of carcinogenic mycotoxins on deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase and ribonuclease H. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979 Aug;38(2):191-6. [117749 ]
Target Details
5. DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB11-b2
General Function:
Dna-directed rna polymerase activity
Specific Function:
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB11 is part of the core element with the central large cleft (By similarity).
Gene Name:
POLR2J3
Uniprot ID:
Q9H1A7
Molecular Weight:
13092.11 Da
References
  1. Tashiro F, Hiral K, Ueno Y: Inhibitory effects of carcinogenic mycotoxins on deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase and ribonuclease H. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979 Aug;38(2):191-6. [117749 ]
Target Details
6. DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB2
General Function:
Ribonucleoside binding
Specific Function:
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Second largest component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Proposed to contribute to the polymerase catalytic activity and forms the polymerase active center together with the largest subunit. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB2 is part of the core element with the central large cleft, the clamp element that moves to open and close the cleft and the jaws that are thought to grab the incoming DNA template (By similarity).
Gene Name:
POLR2B
Uniprot ID:
P30876
Molecular Weight:
133895.435 Da
References
  1. Tashiro F, Hiral K, Ueno Y: Inhibitory effects of carcinogenic mycotoxins on deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase and ribonuclease H. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979 Aug;38(2):191-6. [117749 ]
Target Details
7. DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB3
General Function:
Dna-directed rna polymerase activity
Specific Function:
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB3 is part of the core element with the central large cleft and the clamp element that moves to open and close the cleft (By similarity).
Gene Name:
POLR2C
Uniprot ID:
P19387
Molecular Weight:
31440.86 Da
References
  1. Tashiro F, Hiral K, Ueno Y: Inhibitory effects of carcinogenic mycotoxins on deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase and ribonuclease H. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979 Aug;38(2):191-6. [117749 ]
Target Details
8. DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB4
General Function:
Translation initiation factor binding
Specific Function:
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB4 is part of a subcomplex with RPB7 that binds to a pocket formed by RPB1, RPB2 and RPB6 at the base of the clamp element. The RBP4-RPB7 subcomplex seems to lock the clamp via RPB7 in the closed conformation thus preventing double-stranded DNA to enter the active site cleft. The RPB4-RPB7 subcomplex binds single-stranded DNA and RNA (By similarity).
Gene Name:
POLR2D
Uniprot ID:
O15514
Molecular Weight:
16311.105 Da
References
  1. Tashiro F, Hiral K, Ueno Y: Inhibitory effects of carcinogenic mycotoxins on deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase and ribonuclease H. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979 Aug;38(2):191-6. [117749 ]
Target Details
9. DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB7
General Function:
Translation initiation factor binding
Specific Function:
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB7 is part of a subcomplex with RPB4 that binds to a pocket formed by RPB1, RPB2 and RPB6 at the base of the clamp element. The RBP4-RPB7 subcomplex seems to lock the clamp via RPB7 in the closed conformation thus preventing double-stranded DNA to enter the active site cleft. The RPB4-RPB7 subcomplex binds single-stranded DNA and RNA (By similarity). Binds RNA.
Gene Name:
POLR2G
Uniprot ID:
P62487
Molecular Weight:
19294.195 Da
References
  1. Tashiro F, Hiral K, Ueno Y: Inhibitory effects of carcinogenic mycotoxins on deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase and ribonuclease H. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979 Aug;38(2):191-6. [117749 ]
Target Details
10. DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB9
General Function:
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB9 is part of the upper jaw surrounding the central large cleft and thought to grab the incoming DNA template (By similarity).
Gene Name:
POLR2I
Uniprot ID:
P36954
Molecular Weight:
14523.1 Da
References
  1. Tashiro F, Hiral K, Ueno Y: Inhibitory effects of carcinogenic mycotoxins on deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase and ribonuclease H. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979 Aug;38(2):191-6. [117749 ]
Target Details
11. DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit alpha
General Function:
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNAP) catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. This subunit plays an important role in subunit assembly since its dimerization is the first step in the sequential assembly of subunits to form the holoenzyme.
Gene Name:
rpoA
Uniprot ID:
P0A7Z4
Molecular Weight:
36511.35 Da
References
  1. Tashiro F, Hiral K, Ueno Y: Inhibitory effects of carcinogenic mycotoxins on deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase and ribonuclease H. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979 Aug;38(2):191-6. [117749 ]
Target Details
12. DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta
General Function:
Ribonucleoside binding
Specific Function:
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates.
Gene Name:
rpoB
Uniprot ID:
P0A8V2
Molecular Weight:
150631.165 Da
References
  1. Tashiro F, Hiral K, Ueno Y: Inhibitory effects of carcinogenic mycotoxins on deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase and ribonuclease H. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979 Aug;38(2):191-6. [117749 ]
Target Details
13. DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit beta'
General Function:
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates.
Specific Function:
Dna binding
Gene Name:
rpoC
Uniprot ID:
P9WGY7
Molecular Weight:
146768.085 Da
References
  1. Tashiro F, Hiral K, Ueno Y: Inhibitory effects of carcinogenic mycotoxins on deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase and ribonuclease H. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979 Aug;38(2):191-6. [117749 ]
Target Details
14. DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC1
General Function:
Dna-directed rna polymerase activity
Specific Function:
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Pols are composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. In Pol II, POLR2E/RPB5 is part of the lower jaw surrounding the central large cleft and thought to grab the incoming DNA template. Seems to be the major component in this process (By similarity).
Gene Name:
POLR2E
Uniprot ID:
P19388
Molecular Weight:
24551.075 Da
References
  1. Tashiro F, Hiral K, Ueno Y: Inhibitory effects of carcinogenic mycotoxins on deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase and ribonuclease H. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979 Aug;38(2):191-6. [117749 ]
Target Details
15. DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC2
General Function:
Dna-directed rna polymerase activity
Specific Function:
DNA-dependent RNA polymerases catalyze the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II, and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Pols are composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. In Pol II, POLR2F/RPB6 is part of the clamp element and together with parts of RPB1 and RPB2 forms a pocket to which the RPB4-RPB7 subcomplex binds (By similarity).
Gene Name:
POLR2F
Uniprot ID:
P61218
Molecular Weight:
14477.92 Da
References
  1. Tashiro F, Hiral K, Ueno Y: Inhibitory effects of carcinogenic mycotoxins on deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase and ribonuclease H. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979 Aug;38(2):191-6. [117749 ]
Target Details
16. DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC3
General Function:
Dna-directed rna polymerase activity
Specific Function:
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively.
Gene Name:
POLR2H
Uniprot ID:
P52434
Molecular Weight:
17143.115 Da
References
  1. Tashiro F, Hiral K, Ueno Y: Inhibitory effects of carcinogenic mycotoxins on deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase and ribonuclease H. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979 Aug;38(2):191-6. [117749 ]
Target Details
17. DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC4
General Function:
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and a small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively.
Gene Name:
POLR2K
Uniprot ID:
P53803
Molecular Weight:
7004.145 Da
References
  1. Tashiro F, Hiral K, Ueno Y: Inhibitory effects of carcinogenic mycotoxins on deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase and ribonuclease H. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979 Aug;38(2):191-6. [117749 ]
Target Details
18. DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC5
General Function:
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and a small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Pols are composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. In Pol II, POLR2L/RBP10 is part of the core element with the central large cleft (By similarity).
Gene Name:
POLR2L
Uniprot ID:
P62875
Molecular Weight:
7645.02 Da
References
  1. Tashiro F, Hiral K, Ueno Y: Inhibitory effects of carcinogenic mycotoxins on deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase and ribonuclease H. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979 Aug;38(2):191-6. [117749 ]
Target Details
19. Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A
General Function:
Tubulin binding
Specific Function:
Plays a key role in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. In addition, may also function as scaffolding protein (By similarity).
Gene Name:
ALDOA
Uniprot ID:
P04075
Molecular Weight:
39419.675 Da
References
  1. Ashoor SH, Chu FS: Inhibition of muscle aldolase by penicillic acid and patulin in vitro. Food Cosmet Toxicol. 1973 Dec;11(6):995-1000. [4783995 ]
Target Details
20. L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain
General Function:
Nad binding
Specific Function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
LDHA
Uniprot ID:
P00338
Molecular Weight:
36688.465 Da
References
  1. Ashoor SH, Chu FS: Inhibition of alcohol and lactic dehydrogenases by patulin and penicillic acid in vitro. Food Cosmet Toxicol. 1973 Aug;11(4):617-24. [4586181 ]
Target Details
21. Phosphatidylglycerophosphatase and protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1
General Function:
Protein tyrosine/serine/threonine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Lipid phosphatase which dephosphorylates phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP) to phosphatidylglycerol (PG). PGP is an essential intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway of cardiolipin, a mitochondrial-specific phospholipid regulating the membrane integrity and activities of the organelle. Has also been shown to display phosphatase activity toward phosphoprotein substrates, specifically mediates dephosphorylation of mitochondrial proteins, thereby playing an essential role in ATP production. Has probably a preference for proteins phosphorylated on Ser and/or Thr residues compared to proteins phosphorylated on Tyr residues. Probably involved in regulation of insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells (By similarity).
Gene Name:
PTPMT1
Uniprot ID:
Q8WUK0
Molecular Weight:
22843.38 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
22. Probable D-lactate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
General Function:
Flavin adenine dinucleotide binding
Specific Function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
LDHD
Uniprot ID:
Q86WU2
Molecular Weight:
54870.18 Da
References
  1. Ashoor SH, Chu FS: Inhibition of alcohol and lactic dehydrogenases by patulin and penicillic acid in vitro. Food Cosmet Toxicol. 1973 Aug;11(4):617-24. [4586181 ]
Target Details
23. Protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVA 1
General Function:
Protein tyrosine/serine/threonine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Protein tyrosine phosphatase which stimulates progression from G1 into S phase during mitosis. May play a role in the development and maintenance of differentiating epithelial tissues. Enhances cell proliferation, cell motility and invasive activity, and promotes cancer metastasis.
Gene Name:
PTP4A1
Uniprot ID:
Q93096
Molecular Weight:
19814.93 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
24. Protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVA 2
General Function:
Prenylated protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Protein tyrosine phosphatase which stimulates progression from G1 into S phase during mitosis. Promotes tumors. Inhibits geranylgeranyl transferase type II activity by blocking the association between RABGGTA and RABGGTB.
Gene Name:
PTP4A2
Uniprot ID:
Q12974
Molecular Weight:
19127.05 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
25. Protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVA 3
General Function:
Protein tyrosine/serine/threonine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Protein tyrosine phosphatase which stimulates progression from G1 into S phase during mitosis. Enhances cell proliferation, cell motility and invasive activity, and promotes cancer metastasis. May be involved in the progression of cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting intracellular calcium mobilization in response to angiotensin II.
Gene Name:
PTP4A3
Uniprot ID:
O75365
Molecular Weight:
19534.69 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
26. Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase F
General Function:
Transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Possible cell adhesion receptor. It possesses an intrinsic protein tyrosine phosphatase activity (PTPase) and dephosphorylates EPHA2 regulating its activity.The first PTPase domain has enzymatic activity, while the second one seems to affect the substrate specificity of the first one.
Gene Name:
PTPRF
Uniprot ID:
P10586
Molecular Weight:
212877.35 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
27. Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase H
General Function:
Transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
May contribute to contact inhibition of cell growth and motility by mediating the dephosphorylation of focal adhesion-associated substrates and thus negatively regulating integrin-promoted signaling processes. Induces apoptotic cell death by at least two distinct mechanisms: inhibition of cell survival signaling mediated by PI 3-kinase, Akt, and ILK and activation of a caspase-dependent proapoptotic pathway. Inhibits the basal activity of LCK and its activation in response to TCR stimulation and TCR-induced activation of MAP kinase and surface expression of CD69. Inhibits TCR-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of LAT and ZAP70. Inhibits both basal activity of DOK1 and its CD2-induced tyrosine phosphorylation. Induces dephosphorylation of p130cas, focal adhesion kinase and c-Src. Reduces migratory activity of Jurkat cells.
Gene Name:
PTPRH
Uniprot ID:
Q9HD43
Molecular Weight:
122351.35 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
28. Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase N2
General Function:
Transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Plays a role in vesicle-mediated secretory processes. Required for normal accumulation of secretory vesicles in hippocampus, pituitary and pancreatic islets. Required for the accumulation of normal levels of insulin-containing vesicles and preventing their degradation. Plays a role in insulin secretion in response to glucose stimuli. Required for normal accumulation of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in the brain. In females, but not in males, required for normal accumulation and secretion of pituitary hormones, such as luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
Gene Name:
PTPRN2
Uniprot ID:
Q92932
Molecular Weight:
111270.29 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
29. Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase O
General Function:
Wnt-protein binding
Specific Function:
Possesses tyrosine phosphatase activity. Plays a role in regulating the glomerular pressure/filtration rate relationship through an effect on podocyte structure and function (By similarity).
Gene Name:
PTPRO
Uniprot ID:
Q16827
Molecular Weight:
138342.845 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
30. Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase R
General Function:
Transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Sequesters mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as MAPK1, MAPK3 and MAPK14 in the cytoplasm in an inactive form. The MAPKs bind to a dephosphorylated kinase interacting motif, phosphorylation of which by the protein kinase A complex releases the MAPKs for activation and translocation into the nucleus (By similarity).
Gene Name:
PTPRR
Uniprot ID:
Q15256
Molecular Weight:
73833.73 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
31. Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase S
General Function:
Transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Interacts with LAR-interacting protein LIP.1.
Gene Name:
PTPRS
Uniprot ID:
Q13332
Molecular Weight:
217039.825 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
32. Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase T
General Function:
Protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
May be involved in both signal transduction and cellular adhesion in the CNS.
Gene Name:
PTPRT
Uniprot ID:
O14522
Molecular Weight:
162132.92 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
33. Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase U
General Function:
Transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase which dephosphorylates CTNNB1. Regulates CTNNB1 function both in cell adhesion and signaling. May function in cell proliferation and migration and play a role in the maintenance of epithelial integrity. May play a role in megakaryocytopoiesis.
Gene Name:
PTPRU
Uniprot ID:
Q92729
Molecular Weight:
162422.095 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
34. Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase alpha
General Function:
Transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
PTPRA
Uniprot ID:
P18433
Molecular Weight:
90599.295 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
35. Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase beta
General Function:
Transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Plays an important role in blood vessel remodeling and angiogenesis. Not necessary for the initial formation of blood vessels, but is essential for their maintenance and remodeling. Can induce dephosphorylation of TEK/TIE2, CDH5/VE-cadherin and KDR/VEGFR-2. Regulates angiopoietin-TIE2 signaling in endothelial cells. Acts as a negative regulator of TIE2, and controls TIE2 driven endothelial cell proliferation, which in turn affects blood vessel remodeling during embryonic development and determines blood vessel size during perinatal growth. Essential for the maintenance of endothelial cell contact integrity and for the adhesive function of VE-cadherin in endothelial cells and this requires the presence of plakoglobin (By similarity).
Gene Name:
PTPRB
Uniprot ID:
P23467
Molecular Weight:
224299.74 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
36. Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase delta
General Function:
Transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
PTPRD
Uniprot ID:
P23468
Molecular Weight:
214758.455 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
37. Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase epsilon
General Function:
Transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Isoform 1 plays a critical role in signaling transduction pathways and phosphoprotein network topology in red blood cells. May play a role in osteoclast formation and function (By similarity).Isoform 2 acts as a negative regulator of insulin receptor (IR) signaling in skeletal muscle. Regulates insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR) and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), phosphorylation of protein kinase B and glycogen synthase kinase-3 and insulin induced stimulation of glucose uptake (By similarity).Isoform 1 and isoform 2 act as a negative regulator of FceRI-mediated signal transduction leading to cytokine production and degranulation, most likely by acting at the level of SYK to affect downstream events such as phosphorylation of SLP76 and LAT and mobilization of Ca(2+).
Gene Name:
PTPRE
Uniprot ID:
P23469
Molecular Weight:
80641.165 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
38. Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase eta
General Function:
Protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Tyrosine phosphatase which dephosphorylates or contributes to the dephosphorylation of CTNND1, FLT3, PDGFRB, MET, RET (variant MEN2A), KDR, LYN, SRC, MAPK1, MAPK3, EGFR, TJP1, OCLN, PIK3R1 and PIK3R2. Plays a role in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation. Involved in vascular development. Regulator of macrophage adhesion and spreading. Positively affects cell-matrix adhesion. Positive regulator of platelet activation and thrombosis. Negative regulator of cell proliferation. Negative regulator of PDGF-stimulated cell migration; through dephosphorylation of PDGFR. Positive regulator of endothelial cell survival, as well as of VEGF-induced SRC and AKT activation; through KDR dephosphorylation. Negative regulator of EGFR signaling pathway; through EGFR dephosphorylation. Enhances the barrier function of epithelial junctions during reassembly. Negatively regulates T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Upon T-cell TCR activation, it is up-regulated and excluded from the immunological synapses, while upon T-cell-antigen presenting cells (APC) disengagement, it is no longer excluded and can dephosphorylate PLCG1 and LAT to down-regulate prolongation of signaling.
Gene Name:
PTPRJ
Uniprot ID:
Q12913
Molecular Weight:
145940.37 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
39. Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase gamma
General Function:
Transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Possesses tyrosine phosphatase activity.
Gene Name:
PTPRG
Uniprot ID:
P23470
Molecular Weight:
162002.3 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
40. Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase kappa
General Function:
Transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Regulation of processes involving cell contact and adhesion such as growth control, tumor invasion, and metastasis. Negative regulator of EGFR signaling pathway. Forms complexes with beta-catenin and gamma-catenin/plakoglobin. Beta-catenin may be a substrate for the catalytic activity of PTPRK/PTP-kappa.
Gene Name:
PTPRK
Uniprot ID:
Q15262
Molecular Weight:
162100.87 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
41. Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase mu
General Function:
Transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Involved in cell-cell adhesion through homophilic interactions. May play a key role in signal transduction and growth control.
Gene Name:
PTPRM
Uniprot ID:
P28827
Molecular Weight:
163681.285 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
42. Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase zeta
General Function:
Transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Protein tyrosine phosphatase that negatively regulates oligodendrocyte precursor proliferation in the embryonic spinal cord. Required for normal differentiation of the precursor cells into mature, fully myelinating oligodendrocytes. May play a role in protecting oligondendrocytes against apoptosis. May play a role in the establishment of contextual memory, probably via the dephosphorylation of proteins that are part of important signaling cascades (By similarity).
Gene Name:
PTPRZ1
Uniprot ID:
P23471
Molecular Weight:
254585.05 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
43. Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase-like N
General Function:
Spectrin binding
Specific Function:
Plays a role in vesicle-mediated secretory processes (PubMed:24843546). Required for normal accumulation of secretory vesicles in hippocampus, pituitary and pancreatic islets (By similarity). Required for the accumulation of normal levels of insulin-containing vesicles and preventing their degradation (PubMed:24843546). Plays a role in insulin secretion in response to glucose stimuli (PubMed:24843546). Required for normal accumulation of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in the brain (By similarity). In females, but not in males, required for normal accumulation and secretion of pituitary hormones, such as luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (By similarity). Seems to lack intrinsic enzyme activity (By similarity).
Gene Name:
PTPRN
Uniprot ID:
Q16849
Molecular Weight:
105846.52 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
44. Ribonuclease H1
General Function:
Rna-dna hybrid ribonuclease activity
Specific Function:
Endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA-DNA hybrids (PubMed:10497183). Plays a role in RNA polymerase II (RNAp II) transcription termination by degrading R-loop RNA-DNA hybrid formation at G-rich pause sites located downstream of the poly(A) site and behind the elongating RNAp II (PubMed:21700224).
Gene Name:
RNASEH1
Uniprot ID:
O60930
Molecular Weight:
32064.035 Da
References
  1. Tashiro F, Hiral K, Ueno Y: Inhibitory effects of carcinogenic mycotoxins on deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase and ribonuclease H. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979 Aug;38(2):191-6. [117749 ]
Target Details
45. Ribonuclease H2 subunit A
General Function:
Rna-dna hybrid ribonuclease activity
Specific Function:
Catalytic subunit of RNase HII, an endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA:DNA hybrids. Participates in DNA replication, possibly by mediating the removal of lagging-strand Okazaki fragment RNA primers during DNA replication. Mediates the excision of single ribonucleotides from DNA:RNA duplexes.
Gene Name:
RNASEH2A
Uniprot ID:
O75792
Molecular Weight:
33394.58 Da
References
  1. Tashiro F, Hiral K, Ueno Y: Inhibitory effects of carcinogenic mycotoxins on deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase and ribonuclease H. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979 Aug;38(2):191-6. [117749 ]
Target Details
46. Ribonuclease H2 subunit B
General Function:
Rna-dna hybrid ribonuclease activity
Specific Function:
Non catalytic subunit of RNase H2, an endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA:DNA hybrids. Participates in DNA replication, possibly by mediating the removal of lagging-strand Okazaki fragment RNA primers during DNA replication. Mediates the excision of single ribonucleotides from DNA:RNA duplexes.
Gene Name:
RNASEH2B
Uniprot ID:
Q5TBB1
Molecular Weight:
35138.455 Da
References
  1. Tashiro F, Hiral K, Ueno Y: Inhibitory effects of carcinogenic mycotoxins on deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase and ribonuclease H. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979 Aug;38(2):191-6. [117749 ]
Target Details
47. Ribonuclease H2 subunit C
General Function:
Rna-dna hybrid ribonuclease activity
Specific Function:
Non catalytic subunit of RNase H2, an endonuclease that specifically degrades the RNA of RNA:DNA hybrids. Participates in DNA replication, possibly by mediating the removal of lagging-strand Okazaki fragment RNA primers during DNA replication. Mediates the excision of single ribonucleotides from DNA:RNA duplexes.
Gene Name:
RNASEH2C
Uniprot ID:
Q8TDP1
Molecular Weight:
17839.985 Da
References
  1. Tashiro F, Hiral K, Ueno Y: Inhibitory effects of carcinogenic mycotoxins on deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase and ribonuclease H. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979 Aug;38(2):191-6. [117749 ]
Target Details
48. Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2
General Function:
Steroid hormone binding
Specific Function:
This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients.
Gene Name:
ATP1A2
Uniprot ID:
P50993
Molecular Weight:
112264.385 Da
References
  1. Phillips TD, Hayes AW: Effects of patulin on adenosine triphosphatase activities in the mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1977 Oct;42(1):175-87. [145040 ]
Target Details
49. Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3
General Function:
Steroid hormone binding
Specific Function:
This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium ions, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients.
Gene Name:
ATP1A3
Uniprot ID:
P13637
Molecular Weight:
111747.51 Da
References
  1. Phillips TD, Hayes AW: Effects of patulin on adenosine triphosphatase activities in the mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1977 Oct;42(1):175-87. [145040 ]
Target Details
50. Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4
General Function:
Sodium:potassium-exchanging atpase activity
Specific Function:
This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium ions, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients. Plays a role in sperm motility.
Gene Name:
ATP1A4
Uniprot ID:
Q13733
Molecular Weight:
114165.44 Da
References
  1. Phillips TD, Hayes AW: Effects of patulin on adenosine triphosphatase activities in the mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1977 Oct;42(1):175-87. [145040 ]
Target Details
51. Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1
General Function:
Sodium:potassium-exchanging atpase activity
Specific Function:
This is the non-catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane. The beta subunit regulates, through assembly of alpha/beta heterodimers, the number of sodium pumps transported to the plasma membrane.Involved in cell adhesion and establishing epithelial cell polarity.
Gene Name:
ATP1B1
Uniprot ID:
P05026
Molecular Weight:
35061.07 Da
References
  1. Phillips TD, Hayes AW: Effects of patulin on adenosine triphosphatase activities in the mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1977 Oct;42(1):175-87. [145040 ]
Target Details
52. Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2
General Function:
Sodium:potassium-exchanging atpase activity
Specific Function:
This is the non-catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane. The exact function of the beta-2 subunit is not known.Mediates cell adhesion of neurons and astrocytes, and promotes neurite outgrowth.
Gene Name:
ATP1B2
Uniprot ID:
P14415
Molecular Weight:
33366.925 Da
References
  1. Phillips TD, Hayes AW: Effects of patulin on adenosine triphosphatase activities in the mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1977 Oct;42(1):175-87. [145040 ]
Target Details
53. Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3
General Function:
Sodium:potassium-exchanging atpase activity
Specific Function:
This is the non-catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane. The exact function of the beta-3 subunit is not known.
Gene Name:
ATP1B3
Uniprot ID:
P54709
Molecular Weight:
31512.34 Da
References
  1. Phillips TD, Hayes AW: Effects of patulin on adenosine triphosphatase activities in the mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1977 Oct;42(1):175-87. [145040 ]
Target Details
54. Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma
General Function:
Transporter activity
Specific Function:
May be involved in forming the receptor site for cardiac glycoside binding or may modulate the transport function of the sodium ATPase.
Gene Name:
FXYD2
Uniprot ID:
P54710
Molecular Weight:
7283.265 Da
References
  1. Phillips TD, Hayes AW: Effects of patulin on adenosine triphosphatase activities in the mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1977 Oct;42(1):175-87. [145040 ]
Target Details
55. Solute carrier family 22 member 1
General Function:
Secondary active organic cation transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function:
Translocates a broad array of organic cations with various structures and molecular weights including the model compounds 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP), the endogenous compounds choline, guanidine, histamine, epinephrine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine, and the drugs quinine, and metformin. The transport of organic cations is inhibited by a broad array of compounds like tetramethylammonium (TMA), cocaine, lidocaine, NMDA receptor antagonists, atropine, prazosin, cimetidine, TEA and NMN, guanidine, cimetidine, choline, procainamide, quinine, tetrabutylammonium, and tetrapentylammonium. Translocates organic cations in an electrogenic and pH-independent manner. Translocates organic cations across the plasma membrane in both directions. Transports the polyamines spermine and spermidine. Transports pramipexole across the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubular epithelial cells. The choline transport is activated by MMTS. Regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways including inhibition by protein kinase A activation, and endogenously activation by the calmodulin complex, the calmodulin-dependent kinase II and LCK tyrosine kinase.
Gene Name:
SLC22A1
Uniprot ID:
O15245
Molecular Weight:
61153.345 Da
References
  1. Tachampa K, Takeda M, Khamdang S, Noshiro-Kofuji R, Tsuda M, Jariyawat S, Fukutomi T, Sophasan S, Anzai N, Endou H: Interactions of organic anion transporters and organic cation transporters with mycotoxins. J Pharmacol Sci. 2008 Mar;106(3):435-43. Epub 2008 Mar 5. [18319568 ]
Target Details
56. Solute carrier family 22 member 11
General Function:
Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function:
Mediates saturable uptake of estrone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and related compounds.
Gene Name:
SLC22A11
Uniprot ID:
Q9NSA0
Molecular Weight:
59970.945 Da
References
  1. Tachampa K, Takeda M, Khamdang S, Noshiro-Kofuji R, Tsuda M, Jariyawat S, Fukutomi T, Sophasan S, Anzai N, Endou H: Interactions of organic anion transporters and organic cation transporters with mycotoxins. J Pharmacol Sci. 2008 Mar;106(3):435-43. Epub 2008 Mar 5. [18319568 ]
Target Details
57. Solute carrier family 22 member 2
General Function:
Quaternary ammonium group transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function:
Mediates tubular uptake of organic compounds from circulation. Mediates the influx of agmatine, dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), serotonin, choline, famotidine, ranitidine, histamin, creatinine, amantadine, memantine, acriflavine, 4-[4-(dimethylamino)-styryl]-N-methylpyridinium ASP, amiloride, metformin, N-1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, cisplatin and oxaliplatin. Cisplatin may develop a nephrotoxic action. Transport of creatinine is inhibited by fluoroquinolones such as DX-619 and LVFX. This transporter is a major determinant of the anticancer activity of oxaliplatin and may contribute to antitumor specificity.
Gene Name:
SLC22A2
Uniprot ID:
O15244
Molecular Weight:
62579.99 Da
References
  1. Tachampa K, Takeda M, Khamdang S, Noshiro-Kofuji R, Tsuda M, Jariyawat S, Fukutomi T, Sophasan S, Anzai N, Endou H: Interactions of organic anion transporters and organic cation transporters with mycotoxins. J Pharmacol Sci. 2008 Mar;106(3):435-43. Epub 2008 Mar 5. [18319568 ]
Target Details
58. Solute carrier family 22 member 6
General Function:
Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function:
Involved in the renal elimination of endogenous and exogenous organic anions. Functions as organic anion exchanger when the uptake of one molecule of organic anion is coupled with an efflux of one molecule of endogenous dicarboxylic acid (glutarate, ketoglutarate, etc). Mediates the sodium-independent uptake of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS) (By similarity). Mediates the sodium-independent uptake of p-aminohippurate (PAH), ochratoxin (OTA), acyclovir (ACV), 3'-azido-3-'deoxythymidine (AZT), cimetidine (CMD), 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), hippurate (HA), indoleacetate (IA), indoxyl sulfate (IS) and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate (CMPF), cidofovir, adefovir, 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) guanine (PMEG), 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) diaminopurine (PMEDAP) and edaravone sulfate. PAH uptake is inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzenesulphonate (PCMBS), diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC), sulindac, diclofenac, carprofen, glutarate and okadaic acid (By similarity). PAH uptake is inhibited by benzothiazolylcysteine (BTC), S-chlorotrifluoroethylcysteine (CTFC), cysteine S-conjugates S-dichlorovinylcysteine (DCVC), furosemide, steviol, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), calcium ionophore A23187, benzylpenicillin, furosemide, indomethacin, bumetamide, losartan, probenecid, phenol red, urate, and alpha-ketoglutarate.
Gene Name:
SLC22A6
Uniprot ID:
Q4U2R8
Molecular Weight:
61815.78 Da
References
  1. Tachampa K, Takeda M, Khamdang S, Noshiro-Kofuji R, Tsuda M, Jariyawat S, Fukutomi T, Sophasan S, Anzai N, Endou H: Interactions of organic anion transporters and organic cation transporters with mycotoxins. J Pharmacol Sci. 2008 Mar;106(3):435-43. Epub 2008 Mar 5. [18319568 ]
Target Details
59. Solute carrier family 22 member 7
General Function:
Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function:
Mediates sodium-independent multispecific organic anion transport. Transport of prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2, tetracycline, bumetanide, estrone sulfate, glutarate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, allopurinol, 5-fluorouracil, paclitaxel, L-ascorbic acid, salicylate, ethotrexate, and alpha-ketoglutarate.
Gene Name:
SLC22A7
Uniprot ID:
Q9Y694
Molecular Weight:
60025.025 Da
References
  1. Tachampa K, Takeda M, Khamdang S, Noshiro-Kofuji R, Tsuda M, Jariyawat S, Fukutomi T, Sophasan S, Anzai N, Endou H: Interactions of organic anion transporters and organic cation transporters with mycotoxins. J Pharmacol Sci. 2008 Mar;106(3):435-43. Epub 2008 Mar 5. [18319568 ]
Target Details
60. Solute carrier family 22 member 8
General Function:
Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function:
Plays an important role in the excretion/detoxification of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the brain and kidney. Involved in the transport basolateral of steviol, fexofenadine. Transports benzylpenicillin (PCG), estrone-3-sulfate (E1S), cimetidine (CMD), 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), p-amino-hippurate (PAH), acyclovir (ACV) and ochratoxin (OTA).
Gene Name:
SLC22A8
Uniprot ID:
Q8TCC7
Molecular Weight:
59855.585 Da
References
  1. Tachampa K, Takeda M, Khamdang S, Noshiro-Kofuji R, Tsuda M, Jariyawat S, Fukutomi T, Sophasan S, Anzai N, Endou H: Interactions of organic anion transporters and organic cation transporters with mycotoxins. J Pharmacol Sci. 2008 Mar;106(3):435-43. Epub 2008 Mar 5. [18319568 ]
Target Details
61. Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1
General Function:
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase which acts as a regulator of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response. Mediates dephosphorylation of EIF2AK3/PERK; inactivating the protein kinase activity of EIF2AK3/PERK. May play an important role in CKII- and p60c-src-induced signal transduction cascades. May regulate the EFNA5-EPHA3 signaling pathway which modulates cell reorganization and cell-cell repulsion. May also regulate the hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway through dephosphorylation of MET.
Gene Name:
PTPN1
Uniprot ID:
P18031
Molecular Weight:
49966.44 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
62. Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11
General Function:
Sh3/sh2 adaptor activity
Specific Function:
Acts downstream of various receptor and cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases to participate in the signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. Dephosphorylates ROCK2 at Tyr-722 resulting in stimulatation of its RhoA binding activity.
Gene Name:
PTPN11
Uniprot ID:
Q06124
Molecular Weight:
68436.0 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
63. Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 12
General Function:
Sh3 domain binding
Specific Function:
Dephosphorylates cellular tyrosine kinases, including PTK2B/PYK2, and thereby regulates signaling via PTK2B/PYK2.
Gene Name:
PTPN12
Uniprot ID:
Q05209
Molecular Weight:
88105.665 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
64. Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 13
General Function:
Protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Tyrosine phosphatase which regulates negatively FAS-induced apoptosis and NGFR-mediated pro-apoptotic signaling (PubMed:15611135). May regulate phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling through dephosphorylation of PIK3R2 (PubMed:23604317).
Gene Name:
PTPN13
Uniprot ID:
Q12923
Molecular Weight:
276903.22 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
65. Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 14
General Function:
Transcription cofactor activity
Specific Function:
Protein tyrosine phosphatase which may play a role in the regulation of lymphangiogenesis, cell-cell adhesion, cell-matrix adhesion, cell migration, cell growth and also regulates TGF-beta gene expression, thereby modulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Mediates beta-catenin dephosphorylation at adhesion junctions. Acts as a negative regulator of the oncogenic property of YAP, a downstream target of the hippo pathway, in a cell density-dependent manner. May function as a tumor suppressor.
Gene Name:
PTPN14
Uniprot ID:
Q15678
Molecular Weight:
135260.15 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
66. Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 18
General Function:
Non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Differentially dephosphorylate autophosphorylated tyrosine kinases which are known to be overexpressed in tumor tissues.
Gene Name:
PTPN18
Uniprot ID:
Q99952
Molecular Weight:
50481.995 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
67. Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2
General Function:
Syntaxin binding
Specific Function:
Non-receptor type tyrosine-specific phosphatase that dephosphorylates receptor protein tyrosine kinases including INSR, EGFR, CSF1R, PDGFR. Also dephosphorylates non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases like JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, Src family kinases, STAT1, STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B and STAT6 either in the nucleus or the cytoplasm. Negatively regulates numerous signaling pathways and biological processes like hematopoiesis, inflammatory response, cell proliferation and differentiation, and glucose homeostasis. Plays a multifaceted and important role in the development of the immune system. Functions in T-cell receptor signaling through dephosphorylation of FYN and LCK to control T-cells differentiation and activation. Dephosphorylates CSF1R, negatively regulating its downstream signaling and macrophage differentiation. Negatively regulates cytokine (IL2/interleukin-2 and interferon)-mediated signaling through dephosphorylation of the cytoplasmic kinases JAK1, JAK3 and their substrate STAT1, that propagate signaling downstream of the cytokine receptors. Also regulates the IL6/interleukin-6 and IL4/interleukin-4 cytokine signaling through dephosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT6 respectively. In addition to the immune system, it is involved in anchorage-dependent, negative regulation of EGF-stimulated cell growth. Activated by the integrin ITGA1/ITGB1, it dephosphorylates EGFR and negatively regulates EGF signaling. Dephosphorylates PDGFRB and negatively regulates platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway and therefore cell proliferation. Negatively regulates tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling downstream via MAPK through SRC dephosphorylation. May also regulate the hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway through dephosphorylation of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor MET. Plays also an important role in glucose homeostasis. For instance, negatively regulates the insulin receptor signaling pathway through the dephosphorylation of INSR and control gluconeogenesis and liver glucose production through negative regulation of the IL6 signaling pathways. Finally, it negatively regulates prolactin-mediated signaling pathway through dephosphorylation of STAT5A and STAT5B. May also bind DNA.
Gene Name:
PTPN2
Uniprot ID:
P17706
Molecular Weight:
48472.94 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
68. Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 20
General Function:
Protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase targeted to sites of actin polymerization in response of varied extracellular stimuli. Has tyrosine phosphatase activity towards various tyrosyl phosphorylated substrates.
Gene Name:
PTPN20
Uniprot ID:
Q4JDL3
Molecular Weight:
48422.455 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
69. Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 21
General Function:
Protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
PTPN21
Uniprot ID:
Q16825
Molecular Weight:
133279.965 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
70. Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 22
General Function:
Ubiquitin protein ligase binding
Specific Function:
Acts as negative regulator of T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling by direct dephosphorylation of the Src family kinases LCK and FYN, ITAMs of the TCRz/CD3 complex, as well as ZAP70, VAV, VCP and other key signaling molecules (PubMed:16461343, PubMed:18056643). Associates with and probably dephosphorylates CBL. Dephosphorylates LCK at its activating 'Tyr-394' residue (PubMed:21719704). Dephosphorylates ZAP70 at its activating 'Tyr-493' residue (PubMed:16461343). Dephosphorylates the immune system activator SKAP2 (PubMed:21719704). Positively regulates toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced type 1 interferon production (PubMed:23871208). Promotes host antiviral responses mediated by type 1 interferon (By similarity). Regulates NOD2-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and autophagy (PubMed:23991106).
Gene Name:
PTPN22
Uniprot ID:
Q9Y2R2
Molecular Weight:
91703.92 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
71. Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 23
General Function:
Protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Plays a role in sorting of endocytic ubiquitinated cargos into multivesicular bodies (MVBs) via its interaction with the ESCRT-I complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport I), and possibly also other ESCRT complexes. May act as a negative regulator of Ras-mediated mitogenic activity. Plays a role in ciliogenesis.
Gene Name:
PTPN23
Uniprot ID:
Q9H3S7
Molecular Weight:
178971.945 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
72. Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 3
General Function:
Sodium channel regulator activity
Specific Function:
May act at junctions between the membrane and the cytoskeleton. Possesses tyrosine phosphatase activity.
Gene Name:
PTPN3
Uniprot ID:
P26045
Molecular Weight:
103989.11 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
73. Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 4
General Function:
Non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
May act at junctions between the membrane and the cytoskeleton.
Gene Name:
PTPN4
Uniprot ID:
P29074
Molecular Weight:
105910.315 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
74. Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 5
General Function:
Protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
May regulate the activity of several effector molecules involved in synaptic plasticity and neuronal cell survival, including MAPKs, Src family kinases and NMDA receptors.
Gene Name:
PTPN5
Uniprot ID:
P54829
Molecular Weight:
63537.53 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
75. Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 6
General Function:
Transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Modulates signaling by tyrosine phosphorylated cell surface receptors such as KIT and the EGF receptor/EGFR. The SH2 regions may interact with other cellular components to modulate its own phosphatase activity against interacting substrates. Together with MTUS1, induces UBE2V2 expression upon angiotensin II stimulation. Plays a key role in hematopoiesis.
Gene Name:
PTPN6
Uniprot ID:
P29350
Molecular Weight:
67560.79 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
76. Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 7
General Function:
Protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Protein phosphatase that acts preferentially on tyrosine-phosphorylated MAPK1. Plays a role in the regulation of T and B-lymphocyte development and signal transduction.
Gene Name:
PTPN7
Uniprot ID:
P35236
Molecular Weight:
40528.965 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]
Target Details
77. Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 9
General Function:
Protein tyrosine phosphatase activity
Specific Function:
Protein-tyrosine phosphatase that could participate in the transfer of hydrophobic ligands or in functions of the Golgi apparatus.
Gene Name:
PTPN9
Uniprot ID:
P43378
Molecular Weight:
68019.58 Da
References
  1. Mahfoud R, Maresca M, Garmy N, Fantini J: The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Jun 15;181(3):209-18. [12079430 ]