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Aflatoxin G (T3D3670)

IdentificationTaxonomyBiological PropertiesPhysical PropertiesToxicity ProfileSpectraConcentrationsLinksReferencesGene RegulationTargets (1)XML
Targets (1)
Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2010-04-15 17:04:50 UTC
Update Date2014-12-24 20:26:20 UTC
Accession NumberT3D3670
Identification
Common NameAflatoxin G
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionAflatoxin G is a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus Aflatoxin G belongs to the family of Difurocoumarolactone Series. These are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a delta-valerolactone ring fused to the coumarin moiety of the difurocoumarin skeleton. Difurocoumarolactones are a subgroup of the aflatoxins and related compounds.
Compound Type
  • Ester
  • Ether
  • Food Toxin
  • Fungal Toxin
  • Metabolite
  • Mycotoxin
  • Natural Compound
  • Organic Compound
Chemical Structure
Thumb
MOLSDFPDBSMILESInChI
Synonyms
Synonym
(7aR,cis)3,4,7a,10a-tetrahydro-5-methoxy-1H,12H-furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]pyrano[3,4-c]chromene-1,12-dione
5-(methyloxy)-3,4,7a,10a-tetrahydro-1H,12H-furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]pyrano[3,4-c]chromene-1,12-dione
5-Methoxy-3,4,7a,10a-tetrahydro-1H,12H-furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]pyrano[3,4-c]chromene-1,12-dione
Aflatoxin G1
Chemical FormulaC17H12O7
Average Molecular Mass328.273 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass328.058 g/mol
CAS Registry Number1165-39-5
IUPAC Name11-methoxy-6,8,16,20-tetraoxapentacyclo[10.8.0.0²,⁹.0³,⁷.0¹³,¹⁸]icosa-1(12),2(9),4,10,13(18)-pentaene-17,19-dione
Traditional Nameaflatoxin G1
SMILESCOC1=CC2=C(C3C=COC3O2)C2=C1C1=C(C(=O)OCC1)C(=O)O2
InChI IdentifierInChI=1/C17H12O7/c1-20-9-6-10-12(8-3-5-22-17(8)23-10)14-11(9)7-2-4-21-15(18)13(7)16(19)24-14/h3,5-6,8,17H,2,4H2,1H3
InChI KeyInChIKey=XWIYFDMXXLINPU-UHFFFAOYNA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as difurocoumarolactones. These are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a delta-valerolactone ring fused to the coumarin moiety of the difurocoumarin skeleton.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassPhenylpropanoids and polyketides
ClassCoumarins and derivatives
Sub ClassFuranocoumarins
Direct ParentDifurocoumarolactones
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Difurocoumarolactone
  • Benzopyran
  • 1-benzopyran
  • Coumaran
  • Anisole
  • Alkyl aryl ether
  • Pyranone
  • Benzenoid
  • Pyran
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Dihydrofuran
  • Carboxylic acid ester
  • Lactone
  • Acetal
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Oxacycle
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Ether
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Organic oxide
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginExogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
PathwaysNot Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological RolesNot Available
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceCrystals. Exhibits green fluorescence.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point257 - 259°C
Boiling PointNot Available
SolubilityNot Available
LogPNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.42 g/LALOGPS
logP1.81ALOGPS
logP1.37ChemAxon
logS-2.9ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)-4.4ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count5ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area80.29 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count1ChemAxon
Refractivity79.85 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability30.89 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings5ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0k9t-0092000000-45233c85fe62eaaf6cee2017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 50V, Positivesplash10-0w29-0490000000-a0174a40ae691212b5952021-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 50V, Positivesplash10-0w29-0490000000-724636f0bdb5e40289ef2021-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0296-0190000000-d652d3eda26aea5c4db92021-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 30V, Positivesplash10-004l-0079000000-4c26ad39c3c9568c1a272021-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-004i-0009000000-9ca9e6239730117960e42021-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-004i-0009000000-2900a4dcf92c23eb4c942021-09-20View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-004i-0019000000-91967a9878cae2afb4c42016-08-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-004j-0069000000-215e0f70cbf3af85debb2016-08-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-11c0-1190000000-088d45e69d0286ddd1dd2016-08-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-004i-0029000000-74562926f4e646a773082016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-004i-0069000000-260993d208e6d650e3d82016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-014i-1090000000-498b7a89dc41e4ad0be82016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-004i-0009000000-3eb691afb29ed57b3f5f2021-09-22View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-004i-0049000000-11041258be8c7d70a6a22021-09-22View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-03dj-2592000000-66944b43bc77082e97ef2021-09-22View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-004i-0009000000-a6e8d4715f87e5602d4e2021-09-22View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-004i-0009000000-7a86b40b5a4bdc2f58b12021-09-22View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0fes-0091000000-4aa73cf30837de1d7ef42021-09-22View Spectrum
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-004i-6498000000-80bdac74647bd509c1272014-09-20View Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureOral, dermal, inhalation, and parenteral (contaminated drugs). (4)
Mechanism of ToxicityAflatoxins produce singlet oxygen upon their exposure to UV (365-nm) light. Singlet oxygen in turn activates them to mutagens and DNA binding species. Aflatoxin metabolites can intercalate into DNA and alkylate the bases through their epoxide moiety, binding particularity to N7-guanine bases. In addition to randomly mutating DNA, this is thought to cause mutations in the p53 gene, an important gene in preventing cell cycle progression when there are DNA mutations, or signaling apoptosis. (8, 1, 2)
MetabolismAflatoxins are metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P-450-dependent polysubstrate mono-oxygenase system to less toxic metabolites. The main reactions in aflatoxin metabolism are hydroxylation, oxidation, and demethylation. (3)
Toxicity ValuesNot Available
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)1, carcinogenic to humans (11)
Uses/SourcesThe native habitat of Aspergillus is in soil, decaying vegetation, hay, and grains undergoing microbiological deterioration and it invades all types of organic substrates whenever conditions are favorable for its growth. Crops which are frequently affected include cereals (maize, sorghum, pearl millet, rice, wheat), oilseeds (peanut, soybean, sunflower, cotton), spices (chile peppers, black pepper, coriander, turmeric, ginger), and tree nuts (almond, pistachio, walnut, coconut, brazil nut). The toxin can also be found in the milk of animals which are fed contaminated feed. Thus, aflatoxins are usually encountered in thecontext of chronic exposure, via food intake or secondary to the handling of foodstuffs. (10)
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsThe main target organ in mammals is the liver so aflatoxicosis is primarily a hepatic disease. Protracted exposure to aflatoxins may cause liver damage and necrosis, cholestasis, and hepatomas. Moreover, protracted exposure to aflatoxins has been associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, acute hepatitis, Reye's syndrome, bile duct cell proliferation, periportal fibrosis, hemorrhages, mucous membrane jaundice, fatty liver changes, cirrhosis in malnourished children, and kwashiorkor. However, aflatoxins accumulate in the presence of liver disease, and the association with hepatic cancer is confounded by the occurrence of hepatitis-B. Thus, it is not clear in these various instances whether aflatoxin is a primary cause of the disease, is an innocent bystander which accumulates secondary to the disease process, or is a contributing cause in conjunction with other factors. It is also mutagenic and teratogenic. Inhaled aflatoxins may produce pulmonary adenomatosis. Aflatoxins modify the immune system by affecting antibody formation, complement, cell-mediated immunity, and phagocytosis. (5, 10)
SymptomsA broad range of symptoms can be found depending upon dosage, including, vomiting, abdominal pain, hemorrhage, and pulmonary edema. (9)
TreatmentAdministration of phonobarbital enhances hepatic transformation activities and also protects against AFB-induced toxicity, carcinogenicity and DNA binding in vivo. In cases of ingestion, feeding large quantities of an adsorbent such as activated charcoal may be used. Antioxidants such as ellagic acid and inducers of some cytochromes P450, such as indole-3-carbinol, may give a protective effect. (5, 9)
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDNot Available
HMDB IDHMDB30474
PubChem Compound ID14421
ChEMBL IDNot Available
ChemSpider ID13775
KEGG IDC16755
UniProt IDNot Available
OMIM ID
ChEBI IDNot Available
BioCyc IDNot Available
CTD IDNot Available
Stitch IDNot Available
PDB IDNot Available
ACToR IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkAflatoxin
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDST3D3670.pdf
General References
  1. Stark AA, Liberman DF: Synergism between aflatoxins in covalent binding to DNA and in mutagenesis in the photoactivation system. Mutat Res. 1991 Mar;247(1):77-86. [1900569 ]
  2. Eaton DL, Gallagher EP: Mechanisms of aflatoxin carcinogenesis. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1994;34:135-72. [8042848 ]
  3. Wu Q, Jezkova A, Yuan Z, Pavlikova L, Dohnal V, Kuca K: Biological degradation of aflatoxins. Drug Metab Rev. 2009;41(1):1-7. doi: 10.1080/03602530802563850. [19514968 ]
  4. Peraica M, Domijan AM: Contamination of food with mycotoxins and human health. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2001 Mar;52(1):23-35. [11370295 ]
  5. Grond S, Sablotzki A: Clinical pharmacology of tramadol. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2004;43(13):879-923. [15509185 ]
  6. Rumack BH POISINDEX(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2010; CCIS Volume 143, edition expires Feb, 2010. Hall AH & Rumack BH (Eds): TOMES(R) Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2010; CCIS Volume 143, edition expires Feb, 2010.
  7. Yannai, Shmuel. (2004) Dictionary of food compounds with CD-ROM: Additives, flavors, and ingredients. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
  8. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Summaries & Evaluations AFLATOXINS [Link]
  9. Aflatoxins: essential data [Link]
  10. Wikipedia. Aflatoxin. Last Updated 3 May 2010. [Link]
  11. International Agency for Research on Cancer (2014). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. [Link]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated GenesNot Available
Down-Regulated GenesNot Available

Targets

1. DNA
General Function:
Used for biological information storage.
Specific Function:
DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce.
Molecular Weight:
2.15 x 1012 Da
References
  1. Stark AA, Liberman DF: Synergism between aflatoxins in covalent binding to DNA and in mutagenesis in the photoactivation system. Mutat Res. 1991 Mar;247(1):77-86. [1900569 ]
  2. Eaton DL, Gallagher EP: Mechanisms of aflatoxin carcinogenesis. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1994;34:135-72. [8042848 ]
  3. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Summaries & Evaluations AFLATOXINS [Link]