| Record Information |
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| Version | 2.0 |
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| Creation Date | 2014-08-29 04:48:07 UTC |
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| Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:26:35 UTC |
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| Accession Number | T3D3968 |
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| Identification |
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| Common Name | 1-Naphthol |
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| Class | Small Molecule |
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| Description | 1-naphthol (1N) is a metabolite of carbaryl and naphthalene that is an intermediate in Metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450. It is generated by spontaneous reaction from (1R,2S)-Naphthalene epoxide then is it converted to 1,4-Dihydroxynaphthalene. Although 1-Naphthol is not persistent in the body, a single urine sample may adequately predict exposure over several months to chlorpyrifos, which is a broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide. In adult men, TCPY and 1N were associated with reduced testosterone levels (1, 2). |
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| Compound Type | - Animal Toxin
- Household Toxin
- Insecticide
- Metabolite
- Natural Compound
- Organic Compound
- Pesticide
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| Chemical Structure | |
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| Synonyms | | Synonym | | 1-Hydroxynaphthalene | | 1-Naphthyl alcohol | | alpha-Hydroxynaphthalene | | alpha-Naphthol | | alpha-Naphthyl alcohol | | BASF Ursol ERN | | Durafur Developer D | | Fouramine ERN | | Fourrine 99 | | Fourrine ERN | | Furro ER | | Nako TRB | | Naphthol-1 | | Naphthyl-1-ol | | Tertral ERN | | Ursol ERN | | Zoba ERN |
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| Chemical Formula | C10H8O |
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| Average Molecular Mass | 144.170 g/mol |
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| Monoisotopic Mass | 144.058 g/mol |
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| CAS Registry Number | 90-15-3 |
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| IUPAC Name | naphthalen-1-ol |
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| Traditional Name | naphthol |
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| SMILES | OC1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C12 |
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| InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C10H8O/c11-10-7-3-5-8-4-1-2-6-9(8)10/h1-7,11H |
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| InChI Key | InChIKey=KJCVRFUGPWSIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Description | belongs to the class of organic compounds known as naphthols and derivatives. These are naphthalene derivatives carrying one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups at any ring position. |
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| Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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| Super Class | Benzenoids |
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| Class | Naphthalenes |
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| Sub Class | Naphthols and derivatives |
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| Direct Parent | Naphthols and derivatives |
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| Alternative Parents | |
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| Substituents | - 1-naphthol
- 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid
- 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
- Organic oxygen compound
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organooxygen compound
- Aromatic homopolycyclic compound
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| Molecular Framework | Aromatic homopolycyclic compounds |
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| External Descriptors | |
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| Biological Properties |
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| Status | Detected and Not Quantified |
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| Origin | Exogenous |
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| Cellular Locations | |
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| Biofluid Locations | Not Available |
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| Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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| Pathways | Not Available |
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| Applications | Not Available |
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| Biological Roles | |
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| Chemical Roles | Not Available |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Solid |
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| Appearance | White powder. |
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| Experimental Properties | | Property | Value |
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| Melting Point | Not Available | | Boiling Point | Not Available | | Solubility | Not Available | | LogP | Not Available |
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| Predicted Properties | |
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| Spectra |
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| Spectra | | Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | View |
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| GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-014l-3900000000-61210a72d0e1913d7c72 | 2017-09-12 | View Spectrum | | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-014l-3900000000-61210a72d0e1913d7c72 | 2018-05-18 | View Spectrum | | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-00kf-0900000000-c0995f3a682409c43837 | 2017-09-01 | View Spectrum | | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-0g4i-9850000000-192f1a8f4045c6c2e6a6 | 2017-10-06 | View Spectrum | | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | View Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - APCI-ITFT , negative | splash10-0006-0900000000-4e151ced4980c51dbed0 | 2017-09-14 | View Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - ESI-ITFT , positive | splash10-014i-0900000000-8fc12807dac2f94e7aba | 2017-09-14 | View Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - APCI-ITFT , positive | splash10-014i-0900000000-c536d76de8d3df4d5774 | 2017-09-14 | View Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 45V, Negative | splash10-0006-0900000000-95369892ad06085feeaa | 2021-09-20 | View Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 60V, Negative | splash10-0006-0900000000-4359d09beb852a6b4d8d | 2021-09-20 | View Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 45V, Positive | splash10-0002-0900000000-81d05a973c3d900077c6 | 2021-09-20 | View Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 60V, Positive | splash10-014j-0900000000-f42d4778921cb7d4089a | 2021-09-20 | View Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 30V, Positive | splash10-0002-0900000000-5eddad361f7fcd8098bf | 2021-09-20 | View Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 15V, Positive | splash10-0002-0900000000-5d003cf06a82f555ebda | 2021-09-20 | View Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 75V, Positive | splash10-0uxr-1900000000-6b7e7dbf4dd9988bdb69 | 2021-09-20 | View Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 90V, Positive | splash10-0udi-1900000000-8f3c86f1fed8a21368e1 | 2021-09-20 | View Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 15V, Negative | splash10-0006-0900000000-ec57dc12ddf60a2741f0 | 2021-09-20 | View Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 15V, Positive | splash10-014i-0900000000-751c55e1dc2b820d2fb8 | 2021-09-20 | View Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 45V, Positive | splash10-014i-0900000000-0809d3facff6212072ef | 2021-09-20 | View Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 60V, Positive | splash10-0gb9-1900000000-f5b727eb0fe4a390c043 | 2021-09-20 | View Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 30V, Positive | splash10-014i-0900000000-49134c89950d7d99c9d1 | 2021-09-20 | View Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 75V, Negative | splash10-00kf-0900000000-b57369b32440fe60da1d | 2021-09-20 | View Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 35V, Positive | splash10-014i-0900000000-8fc12807dac2f94e7aba | 2021-09-20 | View Spectrum | | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 90V, Negative | splash10-014i-0900000000-8a33e2a4035f1d5db4c6 | 2021-09-20 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-0002-0900000000-17872f169fc1a3b9a589 | 2015-04-24 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-0002-0900000000-7ff94ab855e29de86608 | 2015-04-24 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-0fb9-2900000000-54aee2dee46145420c78 | 2015-04-24 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative | splash10-0006-0900000000-3cb1d47c2a60e27a99d5 | 2015-04-25 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative | splash10-0006-0900000000-027fc605a3ec221e62c9 | 2015-04-25 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative | splash10-0006-1900000000-9d25f4653afbb98405fd | 2015-04-25 | View Spectrum | | MS | Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization) | splash10-00kf-2900000000-464e7ef19c6bd0e23869 | 2014-09-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, CDCl3, experimental) | Not Available | 2014-09-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 25.16 MHz, CDCl3, experimental) | Not Available | 2014-09-23 | View Spectrum |
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| Toxicity Profile |
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| Route of Exposure | Not Available |
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| Mechanism of Toxicity | 1-Naphthol is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen. |
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| Metabolism | Paraoxonase (PON1) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of organophosphates. PON1 can inactivate some organophosphates through hydrolysis. PON1 hydrolyzes the active metabolites in several organophosphates insecticides as well as, nerve agents such as soman, sarin, and VX. The presence of PON1 polymorphisms causes there to be different enzyme levels and catalytic efficiency of this esterase, which in turn suggests that different individuals may be more susceptible to the toxic effect of OP exposure. |
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| Toxicity Values | Not Available |
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| Lethal Dose | Not Available |
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| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
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| Uses/Sources | This is a natural compound that is used as a pesticide. |
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| Minimum Risk Level | Not Available |
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| Health Effects | Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides. |
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| Symptoms | Symptoms of low dose exposure include excessive salivation and eye-watering. Acute dose symptoms include severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Hypertension, hypoglycemia, anxiety, headache, tremor and ataxia may also result. |
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| Treatment | If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally. |
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| Normal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| External Links |
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| DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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| HMDB ID | HMDB12138 |
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| PubChem Compound ID | 7005 |
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| ChEMBL ID | CHEMBL122617 |
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| ChemSpider ID | 6739 |
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| KEGG ID | C11714 |
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| UniProt ID | Not Available |
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| OMIM ID | |
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| ChEBI ID | 10319 |
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| BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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| CTD ID | Not Available |
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| Stitch ID | Not Available |
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| PDB ID | 1NP |
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| ACToR ID | Not Available |
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| Wikipedia Link | 1-naphthol |
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| References |
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| Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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| MSDS | Link |
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| General References | - Meeker JD, Ryan L, Barr DB, Hauser R: Exposure to nonpersistent insecticides and male reproductive hormones. Epidemiology. 2006 Jan;17(1):61-8. [16357596 ]
- Hauser R, Meeker JD, Park S, Silva MJ, Calafat AM: Temporal variability of urinary phthalate metabolite levels in men of reproductive age. Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Dec;112(17):1734-40. [15579421 ]
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| Gene Regulation |
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| Up-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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| Down-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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