| Record Information |
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| Version | 2.0 |
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| Creation Date | 2014-08-29 05:52:32 UTC |
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| Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:26:42 UTC |
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| Accession Number | T3D4202 |
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| Identification |
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| Common Name | Carbamic acid |
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| Class | Small Molecule |
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| Description | Carbamic acid is occasionally found as carbamate in workers exposed to pesticides. Carbamates, particularly carbofuran, seem to be more associated with exuberant and diversified symptomatology of pesticide exposure than organophosphates. Neurological symptoms occur among farmers occupationally exposed to acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides such as carbamates. Carbamic acid products of several amines, such as beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), ethylenediamine, and L-cysteine have been implicated in toxicity. Studies suggested that a significant portion of amino-compounds in biological samples (that naturally contain CO2/bicarbonate) can be present as a carbamic acid. The formation of carbamate glucuronide metabolites has been described for numerous pharmaceuticals and they have been identified in all of the species commonly used in drug metabolism studies (rat, dog, mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, and human). There has been no obvious species specificity for their formation and no preference for 1 or 2 degree amines. Many biological reactions have also been described in the literature that involve the reaction of CO2 with amino groups of biomolecules. For example, CO2 generated from cellular respiration is expired in part through the reversible formation of a carbamate between CO2 and the -amino groups of the alpha and beta-chains of hemoglobin. Glucuronidation is an important mechanism used by mammalian systems to clear and eliminate both endogenous and foreign chemicals. Many functional groups are susceptible to conjugation with glucuronic acid, including hydroxyls, phenols, carboxyls, activated carbons, thiols, amines, and selenium. Primary and secondary amines can also react with carbon dioxide (CO2) via a reversible reaction to form a carbamic acid. The carbamic acid is also a substrate for glucuronidation and results in a stable carbamate glucuronide metabolite. The detection and characterization of these products has been facilitated greatly by the advent of soft ionization mass spectrometry techniques and high field NMR instrumentation. (1, 2, 3). |
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| Compound Type | - Amine
- Animal Toxin
- Cigarette Toxin
- Food Toxin
- Insecticide
- Metabolite
- Natural Compound
- Organic Compound
- Pesticide
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| Chemical Structure | |
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| Synonyms | | Synonym | | Aminoformate | | Aminoformic acid | | Carbamate | | Carbamate ion | | Chlorphenesin carbamate | | Maolate |
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| Chemical Formula | CH3NO2 |
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| Average Molecular Mass | 61.040 g/mol |
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| Monoisotopic Mass | 61.016 g/mol |
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| CAS Registry Number | 463-77-4 |
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| IUPAC Name | carbamic acid |
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| Traditional Name | carbamic acid |
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| SMILES | NC(O)=O |
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| InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/CH3NO2/c2-1(3)4/h2H2,(H,3,4) |
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| InChI Key | InChIKey=KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Description | belongs to the class of organic compounds known as organic carbonic acids and derivatives. Organic carbonic acids and derivatives are compounds comprising the organic carbonic acid or a derivative thereof. |
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| Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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| Super Class | Organic acids and derivatives |
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| Class | Organic carbonic acids and derivatives |
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| Sub Class | Not Available |
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| Direct Parent | Organic carbonic acids and derivatives |
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| Alternative Parents | |
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| Substituents | - Carbonic acid derivative
- Carbamic acid derivative
- Carbamic acid
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Organic oxygen compound
- Organopnictogen compound
- Organic oxide
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organooxygen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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| Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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| External Descriptors | |
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| Biological Properties |
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| Status | Detected and Not Quantified |
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| Origin | Endogenous |
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| Cellular Locations | |
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| Biofluid Locations | Not Available |
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| Tissue Locations | |
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| Pathways | Not Available |
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| Applications | Not Available |
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| Biological Roles | Not Available |
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| Chemical Roles | Not Available |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Solid |
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| Appearance | White powder. |
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| Experimental Properties | | Property | Value |
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| Melting Point | 153°C (307.4°F) | | Boiling Point | Not Available | | Solubility | Not Available | | LogP | Not Available |
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| Predicted Properties | |
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| Spectra |
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| Spectra | | Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | View |
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| Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-03di-9000000000-d4ec45366294deee461d | 2017-09-01 | View Spectrum | | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-00di-9200000000-39800d42e236043754c2 | 2017-10-06 | View Spectrum | | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | 2021-10-12 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-03di-9000000000-33c2cd9e9f87e70aeee7 | 2015-05-27 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-03dl-9000000000-80dc946b5f814bf962fc | 2015-05-27 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-0006-9000000000-db68c8dff28932d0bd97 | 2015-05-27 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative | splash10-03dl-9000000000-54e827d7f4201ae683bf | 2015-05-27 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative | splash10-03dl-9000000000-3158c8b265d264989bd7 | 2015-05-27 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative | splash10-0006-9000000000-24350f23db0893ec042c | 2015-05-27 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-0006-9000000000-fd9f25340762315b4515 | 2021-09-25 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-0006-9000000000-fd9f25340762315b4515 | 2021-09-25 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-0006-9000000000-fd9f25340762315b4515 | 2021-09-25 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative | splash10-03di-9000000000-7b9a18058ceeb7cfe64a | 2021-09-25 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative | splash10-0006-9000000000-c8501e98acf811129533 | 2021-09-25 | View Spectrum | | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative | splash10-0006-9000000000-90726b17dc36e29c5299 | 2021-09-25 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Not Available | 2022-08-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Not Available | 2022-08-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Not Available | 2022-08-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Not Available | 2022-08-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Not Available | 2022-08-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Not Available | 2022-08-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Not Available | 2022-08-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Not Available | 2022-08-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Not Available | 2022-08-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Not Available | 2022-08-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Not Available | 2022-08-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Not Available | 2022-08-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Not Available | 2022-08-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Not Available | 2022-08-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Not Available | 2022-08-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Not Available | 2022-08-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Not Available | 2022-08-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Not Available | 2022-08-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Not Available | 2022-08-20 | View Spectrum | | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, H2O, predicted) | Not Available | 2022-08-20 | View Spectrum |
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| Toxicity Profile |
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| Route of Exposure | Not Available |
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| Mechanism of Toxicity | Carbamic acid is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen. |
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| Metabolism | Paraoxonase (PON1) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of organophosphates. PON1 can inactivate some organophosphates through hydrolysis. PON1 hydrolyzes the active metabolites in several organophosphates insecticides as well as, nerve agents such as soman, sarin, and VX. The presence of PON1 polymorphisms causes there to be different enzyme levels and catalytic efficiency of this esterase, which in turn suggests that different individuals may be more susceptible to the toxic effect of OP exposure. |
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| Toxicity Values | Not Available |
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| Lethal Dose | Not Available |
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| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
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| Uses/Sources | This is an endogenously produced metabolite found in the human body. It is used in metabolic reactions, catabolic reactions or waste generation. |
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| Minimum Risk Level | Not Available |
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| Health Effects | Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides. |
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| Symptoms | Symptoms of low dose exposure include excessive salivation and eye-watering. Acute dose symptoms include severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Hypertension, hypoglycemia, anxiety, headache, tremor and ataxia may also result. |
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| Treatment | If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally. |
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| Normal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| External Links |
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| DrugBank ID | DB04261 |
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| HMDB ID | HMDB03551 |
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| PubChem Compound ID | 277 |
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| ChEMBL ID | CHEMBL125278 |
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| ChemSpider ID | 271 |
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| KEGG ID | C01563 |
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| UniProt ID | Not Available |
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| OMIM ID | |
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| ChEBI ID | 28616 |
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| BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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| CTD ID | Not Available |
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| Stitch ID | Not Available |
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| PDB ID | OUT |
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| ACToR ID | Not Available |
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| Wikipedia Link | Carbamic acid |
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| References |
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| Synthesis Reference | Werner Daum, “Preparation of benzimidazol-2-yl-carbamic acid alkyl esters.” U.S. Patent US3933846, issued May, 1939. |
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| MSDS | Link |
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| General References | - Rendon von Osten J, Epomex C, Tinoco-Ojanguren R, Soares AM, Guilhermino L: Effect of pesticide exposure on acetylcholinesterase activity in subsistence farmers from Campeche, Mexico. Arch Environ Health. 2004 Aug;59(8):418-25. [16268118 ]
- Schaefer WH: Reaction of primary and secondary amines to form carbamic acid glucuronides. Curr Drug Metab. 2006 Dec;7(8):873-81. [17168688 ]
- Smit LA, van-Wendel-de-Joode BN, Heederik D, Peiris-John RJ, van der Hoek W: Neurological symptoms among Sri Lankan farmers occupationally exposed to acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides. Am J Ind Med. 2003 Sep;44(3):254-64. [12929145 ]
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| Gene Regulation |
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| Up-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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| Down-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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