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Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2014-08-29 06:11:46 UTC
Update Date2018-03-21 17:46:22 UTC
Accession NumberT3D4274
Identification
Common NamePorphobilinogen
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionPorphobilinogen (PBG) is a pyrrole-containing intermediate in the biosynthesis of porphyrins. It is generated from aminolevulinate (ALA) by the enzyme ALA dehydratase. Porphobilinogen is then converted into hydroxymethylbilane by the enzyme porphobilinogen deaminase (also known as hydroxymethylbilane synthase). Under certain conditions, porphobilinogen can act as a phototoxin, a neurotoxin, and a metabotoxin. A phototoxin leads to cell damage upon exposure to light. A neurotoxin causes damage to nerve cells and nerve tissues. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of porphyrins are associated with porphyrias such as porphyria variegate, acute intermittent porphyria, and hereditary coproporphyria (HCP). There are several types of porphyrias (most are inherited). Hepatic porphyrias are characterized by acute neurological attacks (seizures, psychosis, extreme back and abdominal pain, and an acute polyneuropathy), while the erythropoietic forms present with skin problems (usually a light-sensitive blistering rash and increased hair growth). The neurotoxicity of porphyrins may be due to their selective interactions with tubulin, which disrupt microtubule formation and cause neural malformations (PMID: 3441503).
Compound Type
  • Amine
  • Animal Toxin
  • Food Toxin
  • Metabolite
  • Natural Compound
  • Organic Compound
Chemical Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
Synonym
2-aminomethylpyrrol-3-acetic acid 4-propionic acid
5-(Aminomethyl)-4-(carboxymethyl)-1H-pyrrole-3-propionic acid
5-(Aminomethyl)-4-(carboxymethyl)-Pyrrole-3-propionate
5-(Aminomethyl)-4-(carboxymethyl)-Pyrrole-3-propionic acid
PBG
Chemical FormulaC10H14N2O4
Average Molecular Mass226.229 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass226.095 g/mol
CAS Registry Number487-90-1
IUPAC Name3-[5-(aminomethyl)-4-(carboxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]propanoic acid
Traditional Nameporphobilinogen
SMILESNCC1=C(CC(O)=O)C(CCC(O)=O)=CN1
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C10H14N2O4/c11-4-8-7(3-10(15)16)6(5-12-8)1-2-9(13)14/h5,12H,1-4,11H2,(H,13,14)(H,15,16)
InChI KeyInChIKey=QSHWIQZFGQKFMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aralkylamines. These are alkylamines in which the alkyl group is substituted at one carbon atom by an aromatic hydrocarbyl group.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic nitrogen compounds
ClassOrganonitrogen compounds
Sub ClassAmines
Direct ParentAralkylamines
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Aralkylamine
  • Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Substituted pyrrole
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Pyrrole
  • Amino acid
  • Amino acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Azacycle
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Primary amine
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Primary aliphatic amine
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Carbonyl group
  • Organic oxide
  • Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginEndogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Membrane
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue Locations
  • Erythrocyte
  • Liver
Pathways
NameSMPDB LinkKEGG Link
Porphyrin MetabolismSMP00024 map00860
Acute Intermittent PorphyriaSMP00344 Not Available
Hereditary Coproporphyria (HCP)SMP00342 Not Available
Porphyria Variegata (PV)SMP00346 Not Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological Roles
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceWhite powder.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting PointNot Available
Boiling PointNot Available
SolubilityNot Available
LogPNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility2.72 g/LALOGPS
logP-2.4ALOGPS
logP-2.7ChemAxon
logS-1.9ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.66ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)8.78ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count5ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count4ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area116.41 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count6ChemAxon
Refractivity56.38 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability22.56 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings1ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (4 TMS)splash10-001j-1923000000-70c31b918684843226552014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-001j-1923000000-70c31b918684843226552017-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-001i-3920000000-d4006159f28f6672d3a52016-09-22View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0080-9071000000-ad88926555e7416fedb32017-10-06View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_5) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_6) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_7) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_2_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_2_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_2_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_2_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_2_5) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_2_6) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0a4i-0090000000-912aa953bdd13d6d18ca2012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-00dl-1900000000-8a87960bb63c4915db222012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-006x-9500000000-c934217374e64d6edee32012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , negativesplash10-0udi-1910000000-4a59655d524261d288a02020-07-21View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF 35V, negativesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-5a7fed67c4a8909b6d892020-07-21View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - n/a 15V, negativesplash10-00xr-0910000000-79d39f97cef0385e09782020-07-21View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orbitrap 0V, negativesplash10-0fb9-0790000000-a3976589df77175b4e7b2020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orbitrap 1V, negativesplash10-0fb9-0890000000-8659c76eb4cd3bbc050a2020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orbitrap 2V, negativesplash10-0ui0-0970000000-ace836f5bc7c40d838f32020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orbitrap 4V, negativesplash10-0ufr-0970000000-34b54c13783e56f913ed2020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orbitrap 6V, negativesplash10-0udi-0920000000-ab742bdbcc6ad44ca7ad2020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orbitrap 8V, negativesplash10-0udi-0900000000-d9086599996dff3ecc2b2020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orbitrap 9V, negativesplash10-0udi-1900000000-ca027f0ab39ba0260c422020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orbitrap 10V, negativesplash10-0zfr-4900000000-c5f999c0aa9c0e9855282020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orbitrap 13V, negativesplash10-0a4i-9700000000-c39abc4f07f6ba5844892020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orbitrap 14V, negativesplash10-0a4i-9400000000-6eece2186d7d8e4266962020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orbitrap 18V, negativesplash10-0a4i-9200000000-4b1d1515941d17b58cd82020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - n/a 15V, negativesplash10-0udi-0900000000-4211fc4d53d78720f6322020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - n/a 15V, negativesplash10-0a4i-0900000000-3b3b751b5b26d5ba42732020-07-22View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0a4l-0980000000-423d28b762ba4c07586b2015-05-27View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-03dl-0910000000-31575764ba8bd8d502792015-05-27View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-074r-0900000000-9d96bd59f1a4371a8df42015-05-27View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-0059-0790000000-2cc911a67c1aa8e35d992015-05-27View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-06ur-0940000000-2c3da60da6ab9523fbf32015-05-27View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0bt9-4900000000-cf52dffb4284f9eeaa5d2015-05-27View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureNot Available
Mechanism of ToxicityNot Available
MetabolismNot Available
Toxicity ValuesNot Available
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Uses/SourcesThis is an endogenously produced metabolite found in the human body. It is used in metabolic reactions, catabolic reactions or waste generation.
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsChronically high levels of porophyrins are associated with porphyrias such as Porphyria variegate, Acute Intermittent Porphyria and Hereditary Coproporphyria (HCP).
SymptomsNot Available
TreatmentNot Available
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDDB02272
HMDB IDHMDB00245
PubChem Compound ID1021
ChEMBL IDNot Available
ChemSpider ID995
KEGG IDC00931
UniProt IDNot Available
OMIM ID
ChEBI ID17381
BioCyc IDPORPHOBILINOGEN
CTD IDNot Available
Stitch IDNot Available
PDB IDPBG
ACToR IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkPorphobilinogen
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
MSDSLink
General References
  1. Dhar GJ, Bossenmaier I, Petryka ZJ, Cardinal R, Watson CJ: Effects of hematin in hepatic porphyria. Further studies. Ann Intern Med. 1975 Jul;83(1):20-30. [1147435 ]
  2. Ivanov E, Pisanets M: Studies on the biosynthesis of porphyrins in erythrocytes after incubation with delta-aminolevulinic acid: an attempt to investigate the pathogenesis of nephrogenic anemia. Acta Biol Med Ger. 1982;41(4):307-13. [7124248 ]
  3. Ellencweig N, Schoenfeld N, Zemishlany Z: Acute intermittent porphyria: psychosis as the only clinical manifestation. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci. 2006;43(1):52-6. [16910386 ]
  4. Buchet JP, Lauwerys R, Hassoun A, Dratwa M, Wens R, Collart F, Tielemans C: Effect of aluminum on porphyrin metabolism in hemodialyzed patients. Nephron. 1987;46(4):360-3. [3658064 ]
  5. Tishler PV, Woodward B, O'Connor J, Holbrook DA, Seidman LJ, Hallett M, Knighton DJ: High prevalence of intermittent acute porphyria in a psychiatric patient population. Am J Psychiatry. 1985 Dec;142(12):1430-6. [4073306 ]
  6. Hsiao KJ, Lee FY, Wu SJ, Chang WJ: Determination of erythrocyte porphobilinogen deaminase activity using porphobilinogen as substrate. Clin Chim Acta. 1987 Sep 30;168(2):257-8. [3677422 ]
  7. Evans J, Lefkowitch J, Lim CK, Billing B: Fecal porphyrin abnormalities in a patient with features of Rotor's syndrome. Gastroenterology. 1981 Dec;81(6):1125-30. [7286590 ]
  8. Sassa S, Solish G, Levere RD, Kappas A: Studies in porphyria. IV. Expression of the gene defect of acute intermittent porphyria in cultured human skin fibroblasts and amniotic cells: prenatal diagnosis of the porphyric trait. J Exp Med. 1975 Sep 1;142(3):722-31. [1165472 ]
  9. Ford RE, Ou CN, Ellefson RD: Assay for erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen I synthase activity, with porphobilinogen as substrate. Clin Chem. 1980 Jul;26(8):1182-5. [7389090 ]
  10. Shiue JW, Lee FY, Hsiao KJ, Tsai YT, Lee SD, Wu SJ: Abnormal thyroid function and hypercholesterolemia in a case of acute intermittent porphyria. Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1989 Jul;88(7):729-31. [2809566 ]
  11. Mustajoki P: Normal erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen I synthase in a kindred with acute intermittent porphyria. Ann Intern Med. 1981 Aug;95(2):162-6. [7258864 ]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated GenesNot Available
Down-Regulated GenesNot Available

Targets

General Function:
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:
Catalyzes an early step in the biosynthesis of tetrapyrroles. Binds two molecules of 5-aminolevulinate per subunit, each at a distinct site, and catalyzes their condensation to form porphobilinogen.
Gene Name:
ALAD
Uniprot ID:
P13716
Molecular Weight:
36294.485 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [17016423 ]
  3. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [10592235 ]