N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid (T3D4310)

IdentificationTaxonomyBiological PropertiesPhysical PropertiesToxicity ProfileSpectraConcentrationsLinksReferencesGene RegulationXML
Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2014-08-29 06:18:34 UTC
Update Date2018-03-21 17:46:17 UTC
Accession NumberT3D4310
Identification
Common NameN-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionN-Acetylaspartic acid is a derivative of aspartic acid. It is the second most concentrated molecule in the brain after the amino acid glutamate. It is synthesized in neurons from the amino acid aspartate and acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). The various functions served by N-acetylaspartic acid are still under investigation, but the primary proposed functions include (1) acting as a neuronal osmolyte that is involved in fluid balance in the brain, (2) serving as a source of acetate for lipid and myelin synthesis in oligodendrocytes (the glial cells that myelinate neuronal axons), (3) serving as a precursor for the synthesis of the important dipeptide neurotransmitter N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG), and (4) playing a potential role in energy production from the amino acid glutamate in neuronal mitochondria. High neurotransmitter levels can lead to abnormal neural signaling, delayed or arrested intellectual development, and difficulties with general motor skills. When present in sufficiently high levels, N-acetylaspartic acid can be a neurotoxin, an acidogen, and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin is a compound that disrupts or attacks neural tissue. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of N-acetylaspartic acid are associated with Canavan disease. N-acetylaspartic acid is an organic acid. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. Infants with acidosis have symptoms that include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and flapping tremors.
Compound Type
  • Animal Toxin
  • Food Toxin
  • Industrial/Workplace Toxin
  • Metabolite
  • Natural Compound
  • Organic Compound
Chemical Structure
Thumb
MOLSDFPDBSMILESInChI
Synonyms
Synonym
(2S)-2-acetamidobutanedioate
(2S)-2-acetamidobutanedioic acid
(S)-2-(acetylamino)butanedioate
(S)-2-(acetylamino)butanedioic acid
(S)-2-(acetylamino)succinic acid
Acetyl-L-aspartate
Acetyl-L-aspartic acid
Acetylaspartate
Acetylaspartic acid
L-N-Acetylaspartate
L-N-Acetylaspartic acid
N-Acetyl-L-aspartate
N-Acetyl-S-aspartate
N-Acetyl-S-aspartic acid
N-Acetylaspartate
N-Acetylaspartic acid
NAA
Chemical FormulaC6H9NO5
Average Molecular Mass175.139 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass175.048 g/mol
CAS Registry Number997-55-7
IUPAC Name(2S)-2-acetamidobutanedioic acid
Traditional Nameacetyl-L-aspartic acid
SMILES[H][C@@](CC(O)=O)(N=C(C)O)C(O)=O
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C6H9NO5/c1-3(8)7-4(6(11)12)2-5(9)10/h4H,2H2,1H3,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12)/t4-/m0/s1
InChI KeyInChIKey=OTCCIMWXFLJLIA-BYPYZUCNSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aspartic acid and derivatives. Aspartic acid and derivatives are compounds containing an aspartic acid or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of aspartic acid at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassCarboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub ClassAmino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct ParentAspartic acid and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Aspartic acid or derivatives
  • N-acyl-alpha-amino acid
  • N-acyl-alpha amino acid or derivatives
  • N-acyl-l-alpha-amino acid
  • Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Fatty acid
  • Acetamide
  • Carboxamide group
  • Secondary carboxylic acid amide
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Carbonyl group
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginEndogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
  • Mitochondria
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue Locations
  • Basal Ganglia
  • Brain
  • Fibroblasts
  • Hippocampus
  • Myelin
  • Neuron
  • Prostate
  • Temporal Lobe
  • Thalamus
Pathways
NameSMPDB LinkKEGG Link
Aspartate MetabolismSMP00067 map00250
Canavan DiseaseSMP00175 Not Available
Applications
Biological Roles
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceWhite powder.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point137 - 140°C
Boiling PointNot Available
Solubility675 mg/mL
LogPNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility21.1 g/LALOGPS
logP-0.79ALOGPS
logP-1.4ChemAxon
logS-0.92ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.41ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-2ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count5ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count3ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area103.7 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count4ChemAxon
Refractivity35.98 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability15.29 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)splash10-0cdi-0910000000-80f173aa655a9e8604b52014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)splash10-008a-0930000000-63ecd768773360e392722014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS)splash10-001i-0950000000-beff64b09b14e79c535c2014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0cdi-0910000000-80f173aa655a9e8604b52017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-008a-0930000000-63ecd768773360e392722017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-001i-0950000000-beff64b09b14e79c535c2017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0pvj-0910000000-8952da198dfa2ecb7e212017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-01x1-0930000000-ac192f128bc253b6c2992017-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-000x-9400000000-e45e6641c1b4fdac03e72017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00dl-9541000000-1ca7edd5f216e43553832017-10-06View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-06View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-06View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-06View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-06View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-06View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-06View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-06View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-06View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_2_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-06View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_2_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-06View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_2_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-06View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-001i-2900000000-73b8786c25f0b59927c62012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-00dr-9000000000-f7f7d5d562cbcf3f69fa2012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-006x-9000000000-01988ea29217a99519e12012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negativesplash10-00di-0900000000-e8fc0d2735d5a8ce18182012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negativesplash10-000i-9800000000-10648516e9c8e71f36ec2012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negativesplash10-000i-9000000000-5a1edaf86830da3de4a62012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negativesplash10-0a4r-9000000000-be6d8862f50bbbceda292012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negativesplash10-0a4l-9000000000-d8e588abce3e75dbb9e62012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativesplash10-00di-0900000000-e8fc0d2735d5a8ce18182017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativesplash10-000i-9800000000-10648516e9c8e71f36ec2017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativesplash10-000i-9000000000-7d599142d426107460772017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativesplash10-0a4r-9000000000-be6d8862f50bbbceda292017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativesplash10-0a4l-9000000000-d8e588abce3e75dbb9e62017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - , negativesplash10-000i-9600000000-f176de6becb0016bc74d2017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - , positivesplash10-00or-1900000000-26dc8573491416b97a272017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 35V, Negativesplash10-000i-9600000000-0cb75d9cdfce88068fbe2021-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-052r-9400000000-327e451ed714e29b3e492021-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 35V, Negativesplash10-004i-0900000000-7f8ca1d0dd5f77ffad962021-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 30V, Negativesplash10-0a4r-9000000000-a67943ff273546b3c4352021-09-20View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-0900000000-7208631bdea4f3ac52f62017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-06ei-7900000000-10e9adf8706f97c39bed2017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-02h3-9200000000-fb40f9d409269d43e36c2017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-05gi-0900000000-86f974a42eb88002ebd72017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-06si-3900000000-06245050379b733be5662017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0a4l-9100000000-e47b08fe049f171608672017-09-01View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 125 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2012-12-04View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2012-12-04View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2021-10-10View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2012-12-05View Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureNot Available
Mechanism of ToxicityThe primary proposed functions of N-acetylaspartic acid include: 1) A neuronal osmolyte that is involved in fluid balance in the brain; 2) a source of acetate for lipid and myelin synthesis in oligodendrocytes, the glial cells that myelinate neuronal axons; 3) a precursor for the synthesis of the important neuronal dipeptide N-acetylaspartylglutamate; 4) N-acetylaspartic acid may also be involved in energy production from the amino acid glutamate in neuronal mitochondria. Excess amounts of N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid accumulated in plasma, spinal fluid, and urine have been found to be toxic. On the other hand, decreased concentration of N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid according to the in vivo spectrum of the brain has been related to disorders such as hypoacetylaspartia.
MetabolismNot Available
Toxicity ValuesNot Available
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Uses/SourcesThis is an endogenously produced metabolite found in the human body. It is used in metabolic reactions, catabolic reactions or waste generation.
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsChronically high levels of N-acetyl-aspartate are associated with Canavan Disease.
SymptomsNot Available
TreatmentNot Available
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDNot Available
HMDB IDHMDB00812
PubChem Compound ID65065
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL1162494
ChemSpider ID58576
KEGG IDC01042
UniProt IDNot Available
OMIM ID
ChEBI ID21547
BioCyc IDCPD-420
CTD IDNot Available
Stitch IDNot Available
PDB IDNot Available
ACToR IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkN-acetylaspartate
References
Synthesis ReferenceMontoro, Fernando; Calatayud, Jose; Vilar, Angel. N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid. Span. (1983), 5 pp.
MSDSLink
General References
  1. Tedeschi G, Bonavita S, Banerjee TK, Virta A, Schiffmann R: Diffuse central neuronal involvement in Fabry disease: a proton MRS imaging study. Neurology. 1999 May 12;52(8):1663-7. [10331696 ]
  2. Tacke U, Olbrich H, Sass JO, Fekete A, Horvath J, Ziyeh S, Kleijer WJ, Rolland MO, Fisher S, Payne S, Vargiami E, Zafeiriou DI, Omran H: Possible genotype-phenotype correlations in children with mild clinical course of Canavan disease. Neuropediatrics. 2005 Aug;36(4):252-5. [16138249 ]
  3. Rocca MA, Mezzapesa DM, Falini A, Ghezzi A, Martinelli V, Scotti G, Comi G, Filippi M: Evidence for axonal pathology and adaptive cortical reorganization in patients at presentation with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage. 2003 Apr;18(4):847-55. [12725761 ]
  4. Izumiyama H, Abe T, Tanioka D, Fukuda A, Kunii N: Clinicopathological examination of glioma by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy background. Brain Tumor Pathol. 2004;21(1):39-46. [15696968 ]
  5. Bal D, Gryff-Keller A, Gradowska W: Absolute configuration of N-acetylaspartate in urine from patients with Canavan disease. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28(4):607-9. [15902566 ]
  6. Manji HK, Moore GJ, Chen G: Clinical and preclinical evidence for the neurotrophic effects of mood stabilizers: implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of manic-depressive illness. Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Oct 15;48(8):740-54. [11063971 ]
  7. Kaul R, Gao GP, Balamurugan K, Matalon R: Cloning of the human aspartoacylase cDNA and a common missense mutation in Canavan disease. Nat Genet. 1993 Oct;5(2):118-23. [8252036 ]
  8. Guneral F, Bachmann C: Age-related reference values for urinary organic acids in a healthy Turkish pediatric population. Clin Chem. 1994 Jun;40(6):862-6. [8087979 ]
  9. Vermathen P, Laxer KD, Matson GB, Weiner MW: Hippocampal structures: anteroposterior N-acetylaspartate differences in patients with epilepsy and control subjects as shown with proton MR spectroscopic imaging. Radiology. 2000 Feb;214(2):403-10. [10671587 ]
  10. Clementi V, Tonon C, Lodi R, Malucelli E, Barbiroli B, Iotti S: Assessment of glutamate and glutamine contribution to in vivo N-acetylaspartate quantification in human brain by (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med. 2005 Dec;54(6):1333-9. [16265633 ]
  11. Rothstein JD, Tsai G, Kuncl RW, Clawson L, Cornblath DR, Drachman DB, Pestronk A, Stauch BL, Coyle JT: Abnormal excitatory amino acid metabolism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 1990 Jul;28(1):18-25. [2375630 ]
  12. Surendran S, Matalon KM, Szucs S, Tyring SK, Matalon R: Metabolic changes in the knockout mouse for Canavan's disease: implications for patients with Canavan's disease. J Child Neurol. 2003 Sep;18(9):611-5. [14572139 ]
  13. Wevers RA, Engelke U, Wendel U, de Jong JG, Gabreels FJ, Heerschap A: Standardized method for high-resolution 1H-NMR of cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chem. 1995 May;41(5):744-51. [7729054 ]
  14. Gordon N: Canavan disease: a review of recent developments. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2001;5(2):65-9. [11589315 ]
  15. Zhu XH, Chen W: Observed BOLD effects on cerebral metabolite resonances in human visual cortex during visual stimulation: a functional (1)H MRS study at 4 T. Magn Reson Med. 2001 Nov;46(5):841-7. [11675633 ]
  16. Lam WW, Wang ZJ, Zhao H, Berry GT, Kaplan P, Gibson J, Kaplan BS, Bilaniuk LT, Hunter JV, Haselgrove JC, Zimmermann RA: 1H MR spectroscopy of the basal ganglia in childhood: a semiquantitative analysis. Neuroradiology. 1998 May;40(5):315-23. [9638674 ]
  17. Martin RC, Sawrie S, Hugg J, Gilliam F, Faught E, Kuzniecky R: Cognitive correlates of 1H MRSI-detected hippocampal abnormalities in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 1999 Dec 10;53(9):2052-8. [10599780 ]
  18. Trope I, Lopez-Villegas D, Lenkinski RE: Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of regional brain structure in a 10-year-old boy with elevated blood lead levels. Pediatrics. 1998 Jun;101(6):E7. [9606249 ]
  19. Kvittingen EA, Guldal G, Borsting S, Skalpe IO, Stokke O, Jellum E: N-acetylaspartic aciduria in a child with a progressive cerebral atrophy. Clin Chim Acta. 1986 Aug 15;158(3):217-27. [3769199 ]
  20. Gideon P, Henriksen O, Sperling B, Christiansen P, Olsen TS, Jorgensen HS, Arlien-Soborg P: Early time course of N-acetylaspartate, creatine and phosphocreatine, and compounds containing choline in the brain after acute stroke. A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Stroke. 1992 Nov;23(11):1566-72. [1440704 ]
  21. Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762. [19212411 ]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated GenesNot Available
Down-Regulated GenesNot Available