Record Information |
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Version | 2.0 |
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Creation Date | 2014-08-29 06:21:32 UTC |
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Update Date | 2018-03-21 17:46:16 UTC |
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Accession Number | T3D4318 |
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Identification |
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Common Name | Glycine |
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Class | Small Molecule |
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Description | Glycine is a simple, nonessential amino acid that in its pure form exists as a colorless, sweet-tasting crystalline solid. Glycine is the only achiral proteinogenic amino acid. While normally considered a non-essential amino acid, studies with rodent models show reduced growth on low-glycine diets. The average adult ingests 3 to 5 grams of glycine daily. Glycine is involved in the body's production of DNA, phospholipids and collagen, and in the production of energy. Glycine is biosynthesized in the body from the amino acid serine, which is in turn derived from 3-phosphoglycerate. In the liver, glycine synthesis is catalyzed by glycine synthase (also called glycine cleavage enzyme), which can produce glycine from ammonia, carbon dioxide, methylene tetrahydrofolate and NADH. Glycine is degraded via three pathways. With the most common pathway being called the glycine cleavage system. The glycine cleavage enzyme system comprises four proteins: P-, T-, H- and L-proteins (EC 1.4.4.2, EC 2.1.2.10 and EC 1.8.1.4 for P-, T- and L-proteins). Mutations have been described in the GLDC (OMIM 238300), AMT (OMIM 238310), and GCSH (OMIM 238330) genes encoding the P-, T-, and H-proteins respectively. The glycine cleavage system catalyzes the oxidative conversion of glycine into carbon dioxide and ammonia, with the remaining one-carbon unit transferred to folate as methylenetetrahydrofolate. The principal function of glycine is as a precursor to proteins. Most proteins incorporate only small quantities although collagen contains about 35% glycine. Glycine is also an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, especially in the spinal cord, brainstem, and retina. When glycine receptors are activated, chloride enters the neuron via ionotropic receptors, causing an Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). There are a number of inborn errors of metabolism that are associated with elevated levels of glycine in the blood or urine. Nonketotic hyperglycinaemia (OMIM 606899) is an autosomal recessive condition caused by deficient enzyme activity of the glycine cleavage enzyme system (EC 2.1.1.10). It is the main catabolic pathway for glycine and it also contributes to one-carbon metabolism. Patients with a deficiency of this enzyme system have increased glycine in plasma, urine and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with an increased CSF: plasma glycine ratio (PMID 16151895). Glycine is also found to be associated with at least 12 other inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) including: Citrullinemia Type I, Hyperglycinemia, non-ketotic, Hyperprolinemia Type I, Hyperprolinemia Type II, Iminoglycinuria, Isovaleric Aciduria, Malonic Aciduria, Methylmalonic Aciduria, Methylmalonic Aciduria Due to Cobalamin-Related Disorders, Non Ketotic Hyperglycinemeia, Prolinemia Type II, Propionic acidemia and Short Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (SCAD Deficiency). When present in sufficiently high levels, glycine can be neurotoxin and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin is a compound that disrupts or attacks neural tissue. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels as found in many of the IEMs mentioned above. Glycine is known to act as a neurotransmitter. Chronically elevated levels of glycine can lead to a build-up of glycine in the brain, which leads to abnormal neural signaling and a condition known as glycine encephalopathy. Affected infants experience a progressive lack of energy (lethargy), feeding difficulties, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), abnormal jerking movements, and life-threatening problems with breathing. Most children who survive these early signs and symptoms develop profound intellectual disability and seizures. Other atypical types of glycine encephalopathy appear later in childhood or adulthood and cause a variety of medical problems that primarily affect the nervous system. |
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Compound Type | - Amine
- Animal Toxin
- Dietary Supplement
- Drug
- Food Toxin
- Glycine Agent
- Household Toxin
- Metabolite
- Micronutrient
- Natural Compound
- Non-Essential Amino Acid
- Nutraceutical
- Organic Compound
- Supplement
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Chemical Structure | |
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Synonyms | Synonym | 2-Aminoacetate | 2-Aminoacetic acid | Aciport | Amino-Acetate | Amino-Acetic acid | Aminoacetate | Aminoacetic acid | Aminoessigsaeure | Aminoethanoate | Aminoethanoic acid | G | Glicoamin | Gly | Glycin | Glycocoll | Glycolixir | Glycosthene | Glykokoll | Glyzin | Gyn-Hydralin | H2N-CH2-COOH | Hgly | Leimzucker | Padil |
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Chemical Formula | C2H5NO2 |
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Average Molecular Mass | 75.067 g/mol |
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Monoisotopic Mass | 75.032 g/mol |
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CAS Registry Number | 56-40-6 |
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IUPAC Name | 2-aminoacetic acid |
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Traditional Name | glycine |
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SMILES | NCC(O)=O |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C2H5NO2/c3-1-2(4)5/h1,3H2,(H,4,5) |
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InChI Key | InChIKey=DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organic acids and derivatives |
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Class | Carboxylic acids and derivatives |
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Sub Class | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues |
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Direct Parent | Alpha amino acids |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Alpha-amino acid
- Amino acid
- Carboxylic acid
- Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Organic oxide
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Primary amine
- Organooxygen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Organopnictogen compound
- Primary aliphatic amine
- Organic oxygen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Amine
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Biological Properties |
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Status | Detected and Not Quantified |
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Origin | Endogenous |
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Cellular Locations | - Extracellular
- Lysosome
- Membrane
- Mitochondria
- Peroxisome
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Biofluid Locations | Not Available |
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Tissue Locations | - Bladder
- Brain
- Epidermis
- Fibroblasts
- Intestine
- Kidney
- Myelin
- Neuron
- Pancreas
- Placenta
- Platelet
- Prostate
- Spleen
- Stratum Corneum
- Thyroid Gland
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Pathways | |
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Applications | |
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Biological Roles | |
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Chemical Roles | |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Appearance | White powder. |
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Experimental Properties | Property | Value |
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Melting Point | 262 dec°C | Boiling Point | Not Available | Solubility | 2.49E+005 mg/L (at 25°C) | LogP | -3.21 |
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Predicted Properties | |
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Spectra |
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Spectra | Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | View |
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GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS) | splash10-00dj-2900000000-0ef96bcf06ce475afcdd | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00dj-1900000000-1d289099ac79cfb8bb19 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS) | splash10-00di-7910000000-6c972a683dfb75b69331 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS) | splash10-0udi-0900000000-ef69e38ee6cebc2ece00 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS) | splash10-00di-2910000000-3215b9e40f20c7b306cd | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-001i-9000000000-719b7f248956f13a312d | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0udi-0900000000-99b4fc43740b21edc786 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00di-1910000000-4cff4d14c73acff9442f | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00dj-2900000000-0ef96bcf06ce475afcdd | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00dj-1900000000-1d289099ac79cfb8bb19 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-QQ (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0002-4960000000-2c6fa028e985c6019854 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00di-7910000000-6c972a683dfb75b69331 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00di-2910000000-3215b9e40f20c7b306cd | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0udi-0900000000-ef69e38ee6cebc2ece00 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00ds-2900000000-ffffed9c78c16a884e4a | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-004r-3900000000-f288b50b7b6890429811 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0udi-1900000000-c76140c31c1f120e4b9d | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-001i-9000000000-f0a2cfbefb9fcd9b6c3e | JSpectraViewer | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-00di-9300000000-b8bbfc1276d5adb1ba04 | JSpectraViewer | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative | splash10-00di-9000000000-6001578fc511ba3fefef | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative | splash10-00di-9000000000-79b2a0a9d93de6a62358 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative | splash10-00di-9000000000-9290dbe208c4744f4431 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative | splash10-00di-9000000000-6001578fc511ba3fefef | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative | splash10-00di-9000000000-79b2a0a9d93de6a62358 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative | splash10-00di-9000000000-9290dbe208c4744f4431 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - , negative | splash10-00di-9000000000-605b44ac311a9af4bb7a | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-003r-9000000000-725357e461c898a7451e | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-001i-9000000000-9f3930e66b117ad91dca | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-001i-9000000000-b3336097dddbb5e22871 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI RMU-6M) , Positive | splash10-001i-9000000000-719b7f248956f13a312d | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positive | splash10-004i-9000000000-342ab462db0835abb3d2 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Positive | splash10-0ar1-9010000000-9daadc1d169a8530926d | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Positive | splash10-07y0-9220000000-8c7785f1f3aa8052679f | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Positive | splash10-0ula-9110000000-43ada06fe1b56b4e9fcc | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Positive | splash10-017i-9000000000-fbd78fbb48f082235f42 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - CE-ESI-TOF (CE-system connected to 6210 Time-of-Flight MS, Agilent) , Positive | splash10-004i-9000000000-c38d0fb28793438083a9 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - DI-ESI-Q-Exactive Plus , Positive | splash10-004i-9000000000-18a7ae48c7b0e15cdf18 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive | splash10-004i-9000000000-342ab462db0835abb3d2 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive | splash10-0ar1-9010000000-9daadc1d169a8530926d | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive | splash10-07y0-9220000000-8c7785f1f3aa8052679f | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive | splash10-0ula-9110000000-43ada06fe1b56b4e9fcc | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive | splash10-017i-9000000000-fbd78fbb48f082235f42 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative | splash10-00di-9000000000-89b2c043a5afe3ebc6f6 | JSpectraViewer | Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative | splash10-00di-9000000000-b4046e208ee8adb87021 | JSpectraViewer | MS | Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization) | splash10-001i-9000000000-222d6c3a1ba6afcd7ea9 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 2D NMR | [1H,1H] 2D NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 2D NMR | [1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer |
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Toxicity Profile |
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Route of Exposure | Absorbed from the small intestine via an active transport mechanism. |
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Mechanism of Toxicity | In the CNS, there exist strychnine-sensitive glycine binding sites as well as strychnine-insensitive glycine binding sites. The strychnine-insensitive glycine-binding site is located on the NMDA receptor complex. The strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor complex is comprised of a chloride channel and is a member of the ligand-gated ion channel superfamily. The putative antispastic activity of supplemental glycine could be mediated by glycine's binding to strychnine-sensitive binding sites in the spinal cord. This would result in increased chloride conductance and consequent enhancement of inhibitory neurotransmission. The ability of glycine to potentiate NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission raised the possibility of its use in the management of neuroleptic-resistant negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Animal studies indicate that supplemental glycine protects against endotoxin-induced lethality, hypoxia-reperfusion injury after liver transplantation, and D-galactosamine-mediated liver injury. Neutrophils are thought to participate in these pathologic processes via invasion of tissue and releasing such reactive oxygen species as superoxide. In vitro studies have shown that neutrophils contain a glycine-gated chloride channel that can attenuate increases in intracellular calcium and diminsh neutrophil oxidant production. This research is ealy-stage, but suggests that supplementary glycine may turn out to be useful in processes where neutrophil infiltration contributes to toxicity, such as ARDS. |
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Metabolism | Hepatic |
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Toxicity Values | ORL-RAT LD50 7930 mg/kg, SCU-RAT LD50 5200 mg/kg, IVN-RAT LD50 2600 mg/kg, ORL-MUS LD50 4920 mg/kg |
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Lethal Dose | Not Available |
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Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
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Uses/Sources | Supplemental glycine may have antispastic activity. Very early findings suggest it may also have antipsychotic activity as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. |
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Minimum Risk Level | Not Available |
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Health Effects | Chronically high levels of glycine are associated with at least 12 inborn errors of metabolism including: Citrullinemia Type I, Hyperglycinemia, non-ketotic, Hyperprolinemia Type I, Hyperprolinemia Type II, Iminoglycinuria, Isovaleric Aciduria, Malonic Aciduria, Methylmalonic Aciduria, Methylmalonic Aciduria Due to Cobalamin-Related Disorders, Non Ketotic Hyperglycinemeia, Prolinemia Type II, Propionic academia and Short Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (SCAD Deficiency). |
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Symptoms | Not Available |
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Treatment | Not Available |
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Normal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | DB00145 |
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HMDB ID | HMDB00123 |
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PubChem Compound ID | 750 |
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ChEMBL ID | CHEMBL773 |
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ChemSpider ID | 730 |
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KEGG ID | C00037 |
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UniProt ID | Not Available |
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OMIM ID | |
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ChEBI ID | 15428 |
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BioCyc ID | GLY |
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CTD ID | Not Available |
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Stitch ID | Not Available |
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PDB ID | GLY |
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ACToR ID | Not Available |
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Wikipedia Link | Glycine |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Koichi Niimura, Takako Kawabe, Takao Ando, Kenichi Saito, “Phenylalanine-glycine compounds having anti-tumor activity, process for preparation thereof, and pharmaceutical composition containing said compounds.” U.S. Patent US5411964, issued August, 1908. |
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MSDS | Link |
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General References | - Van Hove JL, Vande Kerckhove K, Hennermann JB, Mahieu V, Declercq P, Mertens S, De Becker M, Kishnani PS, Jaeken J: Benzoate treatment and the glycine index in nonketotic hyperglycinaemia. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28(5):651-63. [16151895 ]
- Christie GR, Ford D, Howard A, Clark MA, Hirst BH: Glycine supply to human enterocytes mediated by high-affinity basolateral GLYT1. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):439-48. [11159884 ]
- Jones CM, Smith M, Henderson MJ: Reference data for cerebrospinal fluid and the utility of amino acid measurement for the diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism. Ann Clin Biochem. 2006 Jan;43(Pt 1):63-6. [16390611 ]
- Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14. [15911239 ]
- Cynober LA: Plasma amino acid levels with a note on membrane transport: characteristics, regulation, and metabolic significance. Nutrition. 2002 Sep;18(9):761-6. [12297216 ]
- Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24. [14992292 ]
- Bennett FI, Jackson AA: Glycine is not formed through the amino transferase reaction in human or rat placenta. Placenta. 1998 May;19(4):329-31. [9639330 ]
- Gomeza J, Ohno K, Hulsmann S, Armsen W, Eulenburg V, Richter DW, Laube B, Betz H: Deletion of the mouse glycine transporter 2 results in a hyperekplexia phenotype and postnatal lethality. Neuron. 2003 Nov 13;40(4):797-806. [14622583 ]
- Collins JW, Macdermott S, Bradbrook RA, Keeley FX Jr, Timoney AG: Is using ethanol-glycine irrigating fluid monitoring and 'good surgical practice' enough to prevent harmful absorption during transurethral resection of the prostate? BJU Int. 2006 Jun;97(6):1247-51. [16686720 ]
- Boneh A, Degani Y, Harari M: Prognostic clues and outcome of early treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia. Pediatr Neurol. 1996 Sep;15(2):137-41. [8888048 ]
- Dicke JM, Verges D, Kelley LK, Smith CH: Glycine uptake by microvillous and basal plasma membrane vesicles from term human placentae. Placenta. 1993 Jan-Feb;14(1):85-92. [8456092 ]
- Silwood CJ, Lynch E, Claxson AW, Grootveld MC: 1H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of human saliva. J Dent Res. 2002 Jun;81(6):422-7. [12097436 ]
- Shoemaker JD, Elliott WH: Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease. J Chromatogr. 1991 Jan 2;562(1-2):125-38. [2026685 ]
- Nicholson JK, O'Flynn MP, Sadler PJ, Macleod AF, Juul SM, Sonksen PH: Proton-nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies of serum, plasma and urine from fasting normal and diabetic subjects. Biochem J. 1984 Jan 15;217(2):365-75. [6696735 ]
- Prescot AP, de B Frederick B, Wang L, Brown J, Jensen JE, Kaufman MJ, Renshaw PF: In vivo detection of brain glycine with echo-time-averaged (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 4.0 T. Magn Reson Med. 2006 Mar;55(3):681-6. [16453318 ]
- Byard RW, Harrison R, Wells R, Gilbert JD: Glycine toxicity and unexpected intra-operative death. J Forensic Sci. 2001 Sep;46(5):1244-6. [11569574 ]
- Engelborghs S, Marescau B, De Deyn PP: Amino acids and biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res. 2003 Aug;28(8):1145-50. [12834252 ]
- Khan SA, Cox IJ, Hamilton G, Thomas HC, Taylor-Robinson SD: In vivo and in vitro nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a tool for investigating hepatobiliary disease: a review of H and P MRS applications. Liver Int. 2005 Apr;25(2):273-81. [15780050 ]
- Bales JR, Higham DP, Howe I, Nicholson JK, Sadler PJ: Use of high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for rapid multi-component analysis of urine. Clin Chem. 1984 Mar;30(3):426-32. [6321058 ]
- Hagenfeldt L, Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA: Amino acids in plasma and CSF and monoamine metabolites in CSF: interrelationship in healthy subjects. J Neurochem. 1984 Mar;42(3):833-7. [6198473 ]
- Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762. [19212411 ]
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Gene Regulation |
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Up-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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Down-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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