T3DB: Beta-Alanine

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Identification Taxonomy Biological Properties Physical Properties Toxicity Profile Spectra Concentrations Links References Gene Regulation Targets (3)XML

Targets (3)

Record Information

Version

2.0

Creation Date

2014-08-29 06:30:45 UTC

Update Date

2018-03-21 17:46:19 UTC

Accession Number

T3D4346

Identification

Common Name

Beta-Alanine

Class

Small Molecule

Description

beta-Alanine is the only naturally occurring beta-amino acid - an amino acid in which the amino group is at the beta-position from the carboxylate group. It is formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. It is a component of the naturally occurring peptides carnosine and anserine and also of pantothenic acid (vitamin B-5), which itself is a component of coenzyme A. Under normal conditions, beta-alanine is metabolized into acetic acid. beta-Alanine can undergo a transanimation reaction with pyruvate to form malonate-semialdehyde and L-alanine. The malonate semialdehyde can then be converted into malonate via malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Malonate is then converted into malonyl-CoA and enter fatty acid biosynthesis. Since neuronal uptake and neuronal receptor sensitivity to beta-alanine have been demonstrated, beta-alanine may act as a false transmitter replacing gamma-aminobutyric acid. When present in sufficiently high levels, beta-alanine can act as a neurotoxin, a mitochondrial toxin, and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin is a compound that damages the brain or nerve tissue. A mitochondrial toxin is a compound that damages mitochondria and reduces cellular respiration as well as oxidative phosphorylation. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of beta-alanine are associated with at least three inborn errors of metabolism, including GABA-transaminase deficiency, hyper-beta-alaninemia, and methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. beta-Alanine is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant and is an inhibitor of GABA transaminase. The associated inhibition of GABA transaminase and displacement of GABA from CNS binding sites can also lead to GABAuria (high levels of GABA in the urine) and convulsions. In addition to its neurotoxicity, beta-alanine reduces cellular levels of taurine, which are required for normal respiratory chain function. Cellular taurine depletion is known to reduce respiratory function and elevate mitochondrial superoxide generation, which damages mitochondria and increases oxidative stress (PMID: 27023909). Individuals suffering from mitochondrial defects or mitochondrial toxicity typically develop neurotoxicity, hypotonia, respiratory distress, and cardiac failure. beta-Alanine is a biomarker for the consumption of meat, especially red meat.

Compound Type

Amine
Animal Toxin
Food Toxin
Metabolite
Natural Compound
Organic Compound

Chemical Structure

MOL SDF 3D-SDF PDB SMILES InChI View 3D Structure

Synonyms

Synonym
2-Carboxyethylamine
3-Amino-Propanoate
3-Amino-Propanoic acid
3-Aminopropanoate
3-Aminopropanoic acid
3-Aminopropionate
3-Aminopropionic acid
Abufene
B-Alanine
b-Alanine
b-Aminopropanoate
b-Aminopropanoic acid
b-Aminopropionate
b-Aminopropionic acid
beta Alanine
beta-Alanine
beta-Aminopropanoate
beta-Aminopropanoic acid
beta-Aminopropionate
beta-Aminopropionic acid
Omega-Aminopropionate
Omega-Aminopropionic acid
β-Alanine

Chemical Formula

C₃H₇NO₂

Average Molecular Mass

89.093 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass

89.048 g/mol

CAS Registry Number

107-95-9

IUPAC Name

3-aminopropanoic acid

Traditional Name

β alanine

SMILES

NCCC(O)=O

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C3H7NO2/c4-2-1-3(5)6/h1-2,4H2,(H,5,6)

InChI Key

InChIKey=UCMIRNVEIXFBKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

belongs to the class of organic compounds known as beta amino acids and derivatives. These are amino acids having a (-NH2) group attached to the beta carbon atom.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organic acids and derivatives

Class

Carboxylic acids and derivatives

Sub Class

Amino acids, peptides, and analogues

Direct Parent

Beta amino acids and derivatives

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Beta amino acid or derivatives
Amino acid
Carboxylic acid
Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
Amine
Organic oxide
Hydrocarbon derivative
Primary amine
Organooxygen compound
Organonitrogen compound
Organopnictogen compound
Primary aliphatic amine
Organic oxygen compound
Carbonyl group
Organic nitrogen compound
Aliphatic acyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic acyclic compounds

External Descriptors

beta-amino acid (CHEBI:16958 )
Other amino acids (C00099 )
Biogenic amines (C00099 )

Biological Properties

Status

Detected and Not Quantified

Origin

Endogenous

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm
Extracellular
Membrane
Mitochondria

Biofluid Locations

Not Available

Tissue Locations

Kidney
Muscle
Pancreas
Placenta
Prostate

Pathways

Name	SMPDB Link	KEGG Link
Aspartate Metabolism	SMP00067	map00250
Beta-Alanine Metabolism	SMP00007	map00410
Propanoate Metabolism	SMP00016	map00640
Pyrimidine Metabolism	SMP00046	map00240
GABA-Transaminase Deficiency	SMP00351	Not Available
Methylmalonate Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency	SMP00384	Not Available

Applications

Not Available

Biological Roles

Chemical Roles

inhibitor

Physical Properties

State

Solid

Appearance

White powder.

Experimental Properties

Property	Value
Melting Point	200°C
Boiling Point	Not Available
Solubility	545.0 mg/mL
LogP	-3.05

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	494 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	-3.3	ALOGPS
logP	-3.2	ChemAxon
logS	0.74	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	4.08	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	10.31	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	3	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	2	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	63.32 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	2	ChemAxon
Refractivity	20.7 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	8.62 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	0	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	1	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	Yes	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	Yes	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	View
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)	splash10-007k-1920000000-9389ee061bd6e9ae3b22	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)	splash10-0fdt-2930000000-5799fddb7fac04d22372	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)	splash10-006t-1940000000-49f1b7c80f35cbcf102e	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)	splash10-006t-2920000000-c701f2e5652fa4f35e50	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)	splash10-00di-8930000000-c4f8138d4cb7f1ea851a	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS)	splash10-014i-2900000000-c54f1d5878600393dca7	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS)	splash10-0udi-1900000000-2f55a09bba074034dee7	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS)	splash10-00ds-2940000000-4192453eaba2cbecf800	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)	splash10-006t-1960000000-665868f9adaa275dbdb3	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-007k-1920000000-9389ee061bd6e9ae3b22	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0fdt-2930000000-5799fddb7fac04d22372	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-006t-1940000000-49f1b7c80f35cbcf102e	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-006t-2920000000-c701f2e5652fa4f35e50	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00di-8930000000-c4f8138d4cb7f1ea851a	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00ds-2940000000-4192453eaba2cbecf800	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)	splash10-014i-2900000000-c54f1d5878600393dca7	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0udi-1900000000-2f55a09bba074034dee7	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0udi-0900000000-efc0822e26bcf842e232	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0072-2920000000-284cff207c712b6698d6	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-001i-9000000000-ad7f96b2c6a1f5183794	JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-0fk9-9700000000-d73baf312b8af27575b3	JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative	splash10-000i-9000000000-61740a52186a51b8543c	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative	splash10-000i-9000000000-1bdf967935160468d550	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative	splash10-000i-9000000000-0ba5264cfc5ec108718b	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	splash10-000i-9000000000-61740a52186a51b8543c	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	splash10-000i-9000000000-1bdf967935160468d550	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	splash10-000i-9000000000-0ba5264cfc5ec108718b	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-000i-9000000000-1c44f6e35a8ed7d36b09	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-00di-9000000000-799cbaba87e33fa5afde	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-000i-9000000000-86d934e6151015ddb810	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-00dl-9000000000-c30cc77c93e4ec09265a	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-000j-9000000000-540a52fcec629c0a0647	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-000b-9000000000-531b17f8e16896225186	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positive	splash10-0006-9000000000-c6a2c78d322328400127	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Positive	splash10-00di-9000000000-d5f47100c42e7777802e	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Positive	splash10-001i-9000000000-e8f43be75c153e5be3cc	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Positive	splash10-1004-9000100000-ccb09493216d97165c8d	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Positive	splash10-00l7-9230000000-644b1dbe52c5f07e285a	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positive	splash10-0006-9000000000-ff4a990aa1fb1b7cc33d	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	splash10-0006-9000000000-c6a2c78d322328400127	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	splash10-00di-9000000000-d5f47100c42e7777802e	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	splash10-001i-9000000000-e8f43be75c153e5be3cc	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	splash10-1004-9000100000-ccb09493216d97165c8d	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	splash10-00l7-9230000000-644b1dbe52c5f07e285a	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positive	splash10-0006-9000000000-ff4a990aa1fb1b7cc33d	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-00dl-9000000000-363393d05fd6a4b82318	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
MS	Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	splash10-001i-9000000000-be815b0a56f225da04d8	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
2D NMR	[1H,1H] 2D NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
2D NMR	[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer

Toxicity Profile

Route of Exposure

Not Available

Mechanism of Toxicity

Not Available

Metabolism

Not Available

Toxicity Values

Not Available

Lethal Dose

Not Available

Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Uses/Sources

This is an endogenously produced metabolite found in the human body. It is used in metabolic reactions, catabolic reactions or waste generation.

Minimum Risk Level

Not Available

Health Effects

Chronically high levels of beta-alanine are associated with at least 2 inborn errors of metabolism including: GABA-Transaminase Deficiency and Methylmalonate Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency.

Symptoms

Not Available

Treatment

Not Available

Normal Concentrations

Not Available

Abnormal Concentrations

Not Available

External Links

DrugBank ID

HMDB ID

PubChem Compound ID

ChEMBL ID

ChemSpider ID

KEGG ID

UniProt ID

Not Available

OMIM ID

ChEBI ID

16958

BioCyc ID

B-ALANINE

CTD ID

Not Available

Stitch ID

Not Available

PDB ID

BAL

ACToR ID

Not Available

Wikipedia Link

beta-Alanine

References

Synthesis Reference

Erwin Grill, Ernst-Ludwig Winnacker, Meinhart H. Zenk, “Cysteine-rich peptides having gamma-glutamic acid and beta-alanine units, a process for their preparation and their use.” U.S. Patent US4883861, issued March, 1978.

MSDS

Link

General References

Van Kuilenburg AB, Stroomer AE, Van Lenthe H, Abeling NG, Van Gennip AH: New insights in dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency: a pivotal role for beta-aminoisobutyric acid? Biochem J. 2004 Apr 1;379(Pt 1):119-24. [14705962 ]
Malet-Martino MC, Bernadou J, Martino R, Armand JP: 19F NMR spectrometry evidence for bile acid conjugates of alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine as the main biliary metabolites of antineoplastic fluoropyrimidines in humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 1988 Jan-Feb;16(1):78-84. [2894959 ]
Klebanov GI, Teselkin YuO, Babenkova IV, Lyubitsky OB, Rebrova OYu, Boldyrev AA, Vladimirov YuA: Effect of carnosine and its components on free-radical reactions. Membr Cell Biol. 1998;12(1):89-99. [9829262 ]
Aznar J, Gilabert J, Estelles A, Fernandez MA, Villa P, Aznar JA: Evaluation of the soluble fibrin monomer complexes and other coagulation parameters in obstetric patients. Thromb Res. 1982 Sep 15;27(6):691-701. [7179210 ]
Champion EE, Mann SJ, Glazier JD, Jones CJ, Rawlings JM, Sibley CP, Greenwood SL: System beta and system A amino acid transporters in the feline endotheliochorial placenta. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2004 Dec;287(6):R1369-79. Epub 2004 Jul 29. [15284084 ]
Kuo KC, Cole TF, Gehrke CW, Waalkes TP, Borek E: Dual-column cation-exchange chromatographic method for beta-aminoisobutyric acid and beta-alanine in biological samples. Clin Chem. 1978 Aug;24(8):1373-80. [679461 ]
van Kuilenburg AB, Meinsma R, Beke E, Assmann B, Ribes A, Lorente I, Busch R, Mayatepek E, Abeling NG, van Cruchten A, Stroomer AE, van Lenthe H, Zoetekouw L, Kulik W, Hoffmann GF, Voit T, Wevers RA, Rutsch F, van Gennip AH: beta-Ureidopropionase deficiency: an inborn error of pyrimidine degradation associated with neurological abnormalities. Hum Mol Genet. 2004 Nov 15;13(22):2793-801. Epub 2004 Sep 22. [15385443 ]
Heggie GD, Sommadossi JP, Cross DS, Huster WJ, Diasio RB: Clinical pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil and its metabolites in plasma, urine, and bile. Cancer Res. 1987 Apr 15;47(8):2203-6. [3829006 ]
Gibson KM, Schor DS, Gupta M, Guerand WS, Senephansiri H, Burlingame TG, Bartels H, Hogema BM, Bottiglieri T, Froestl W, Snead OC, Grompe M, Jakobs C: Focal neurometabolic alterations in mice deficient for succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase. J Neurochem. 2002 Apr;81(1):71-9. [12067239 ]
Holm B, Nilsen DW, Kierulf P, Godal HC: Purification and characterization of 3 fibrinogens with different molecular weights obtained from normal human plasma. Thromb Res. 1985 Jan 1;37(1):165-76. [3983897 ]
Chen Y, Getchell TV, Sparks DL, Getchell ML: Cellular localization of carnosinase in the human nasal mucosa. Acta Otolaryngol. 1994 Mar;114(2):193-8. [8203202 ]
Milasta S, Pediani J, Appelbe S, Trim S, Wyatt M, Cox P, Fidock M, Milligan G: Interactions between the Mas-related receptors MrgD and MrgE alter signalling and trafficking of MrgD. Mol Pharmacol. 2006 Feb;69(2):479-91. Epub 2005 Nov 9. [16282220 ]
Harris RC, Tallon MJ, Dunnett M, Boobis L, Coakley J, Kim HJ, Fallowfield JL, Hill CA, Sale C, Wise JA: The absorption of orally supplied beta-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis. Amino Acids. 2006 May;30(3):279-89. Epub 2006 Mar 24. [16554972 ]
Hibbard JU, Pridjian G, Whitington PF, Moawad AH: Taurine transport in the in vitro perfused human placenta. Pediatr Res. 1990 Jan;27(1):80-4. [2296474 ]
Karmanskii IM: [Effect of pepsin on low density serum lipoproteins]. Vopr Med Khim. 1977 Jul-Aug;23(4):530-4. [200005 ]
Johnson MR, Barnes S, Sweeny DJ, Diasio RB: 2-Fluoro-beta-alanine, a previously unrecognized substrate for bile acid coenzyme A:amino acid:N-acyltransferase from human liver. Biochem Pharmacol. 1990 Sep 15;40(6):1241-6. [2119585 ]
Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762. [19212411 ]

Gene Regulation

Up-Regulated Genes

Not Available

Down-Regulated Genes

Not Available

Targets

Target Details

1. Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1

General Function:: L-proline transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function:: Neutral amino acid/proton symporter. Has a pH-dependent electrogenic transport activity for small amino acids such as glycine, alanine and proline. Besides small apolar L-amino acids, it also recognize their D-enantiomers and selected amino acid derivatives such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (By similarity).
Gene Name:: SLC36A1
Uniprot ID:: Q7Z2H8
Molecular Weight:: 53075.045 Da

Binding/Activity Constants

Type	Value	Assay Type	Assay Source
Inhibitory	2400 uM	Not Available	BindingDB 50000102

References

Thondorf I, Voigt V, Schafer S, Gebauer S, Zebisch K, Laug L, Brandsch M: Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses of substrates of the human proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 (hPAT1). Bioorg Med Chem. 2011 Nov 1;19(21):6409-18. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.08.058. Epub 2011 Sep 5. [21955456 ]

Target Details

2. Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2

General Function:: Neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity
Specific Function:: Sodium-dependent GABA and taurine transporter. In presynaptic terminals, regulates GABA signaling termination through GABA uptake. May also be involved in beta-alanine transport.
Gene Name:: SLC6A13
Uniprot ID:: Q9NSD5
Molecular Weight:: 68008.205 Da

Binding/Activity Constants

Type	Value	Assay Type	Assay Source
IC50	209 uM	Not Available	BindingDB 50000102

References

Nakada K, Yoshikawa M, Ide S, Suemasa A, Kawamura S, Kobayashi T, Masuda E, Ito Y, Hayakawa W, Katayama T, Yamada S, Arisawa M, Minami M, Shuto S: Cyclopropane-based conformational restriction of GABA by a stereochemical diversity-oriented strategy: identification of an efficient lead for potent inhibitors of GABA transports. Bioorg Med Chem. 2013 Sep 1;21(17):4938-50. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.06.063. Epub 2013 Jul 8. [23886812 ]

Target Details

3. Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3

General Function:: Neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity
Specific Function:: Terminates the action of GABA by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals.
Gene Name:: SLC6A11
Uniprot ID:: P48066
Molecular Weight:: 70605.145 Da

Binding/Activity Constants

Type	Value	Assay Type	Assay Source
IC50	41.2 uM	Not Available	BindingDB 50000102

References

Nakada K, Yoshikawa M, Ide S, Suemasa A, Kawamura S, Kobayashi T, Masuda E, Ito Y, Hayakawa W, Katayama T, Yamada S, Arisawa M, Minami M, Shuto S: Cyclopropane-based conformational restriction of GABA by a stereochemical diversity-oriented strategy: identification of an efficient lead for potent inhibitors of GABA transports. Bioorg Med Chem. 2013 Sep 1;21(17):4938-50. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.06.063. Epub 2013 Jul 8. [23886812 ]

Beta-Alanine (T3D4346)

Structure for T3D4346: Beta-Alanine

Targets

Binding/Activity Constants

References

Binding/Activity Constants

References

Binding/Activity Constants

References