Record Information |
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Version | 2.0 |
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Creation Date | 2014-08-29 06:35:27 UTC |
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Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:26:47 UTC |
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Accession Number | T3D4367 |
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Identification |
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Common Name | L-Serine |
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Class | Small Molecule |
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Description | Serine is a nonessential amino acid derived from glycine. Like all the amino acid building blocks of protein and peptides, serine can become essential under certain conditions, and is thus important in maintaining health and preventing disease. Low-average concentration of serine compared to other amino acids is found in muscle. Serine is highly concentrated in all cell membranes. L-Serine may be derived from four possible sources: dietary intake; biosynthesis from the glycolytic intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate; from glycine ; and by protein and phospholipid degradation. Little data is available on the relative contributions of each of these four sources of l-serine to serine homoeostasis. It is very likely that the predominant source of l-serine will be very different in different tissues and during different stages of human development. In the biosynthetic pathway, the glycolytic intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate is converted into phosphohydroxypyruvate, in a reaction catalyzed by 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (3- PGDH; EC 1.1.1.95). Phosphohydroxypyruvate is metabolized to phosphoserine by phosphohydroxypyruvate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.52) and, finally, phosphoserine is converted into l-serine by phosphoserine phosphatase (PSP; EC 3.1.3.3). In liver tissue, the serine biosynthetic pathway is regulated in response to dietary and hormonal changes. Of the three synthetic enzymes, the properties of 3-PGDH and PSP are the best documented. Hormonal factors such as glucagon and corticosteroids also influence 3-PGDH and PSP activities in interactions dependent upon the diet. L-serine plays a central role in cellular proliferation. L-Serine is the predominant source of one-carbon groups for the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides and deoxythymidine monophosphate. It has long been recognized that, in cell cultures, L-serine is a conditional essential amino acid, because it cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities to meet the cellular demands for its utilization. In recent years, L-serine and the products of its metabolism have been recognized not only to be essential for cell proliferation, but also to be necessary for specific functions in the central nervous system. The findings of altered levels of serine and glycine in patients with psychiatric disorders and the severe neurological abnormalities in patients with defects of L-serine synthesis underscore the importance of L-serine in brain development and function. (1). |
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Compound Type | - Amine
- Animal Toxin
- Dietary Supplement
- Drug
- Food Toxin
- Household Toxin
- Metabolite
- Micronutrient
- Natural Compound
- Non-Essential Amino Acid
- Nutraceutical
- Organic Compound
- Supplement
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Chemical Structure | |
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Synonyms | Synonym | (-)-Serine | (2S)-2-amino-3-Hydroxypropanoic acid | (S)-(-)-Serine | (S)-(−)-serine | (S)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-Propanoate | (S)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-Propanoic acid | (S)-2-Amino-3-hydroxypropanoate | (S)-2-Amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid | (S)-a-Amino-b-hydroxypropionate | (S)-a-Amino-b-hydroxypropionic acid | (S)-alpha-Amino-beta-hydroxypropionate | (S)-alpha-Amino-beta-hydroxypropionic acid | (S)-b-Amino-3-hydroxypropionate | (S)-b-Amino-3-hydroxypropionic acid | (S)-beta-Amino-3-hydroxypropionate | (S)-beta-Amino-3-hydroxypropionic acid | (S)-Serine | 2-Amino-3-hydroxypropanoate | 2-Amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid | 3-Hydroxy-L-Alanine | b-Hydroxy-L-alanine | beta-Hydroxy-L-alanine | beta-Hydroxyalanine | L-(-)-Serine | L-(−)-serine | L-2-Amino-3-hydroxypropionic acid | L-3-Hydroxy-2-aminopropionate | L-3-Hydroxy-2-aminopropionic acid | L-3-Hydroxy-alanine | L-Ser | L-Serin | S | Ser | Serine |
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Chemical Formula | C3H7NO3 |
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Average Molecular Mass | 105.093 g/mol |
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Monoisotopic Mass | 105.043 g/mol |
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CAS Registry Number | 56-45-1 |
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IUPAC Name | (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid |
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Traditional Name | L-serine |
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SMILES | [H][C@](N)(CO)C(O)=O |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C3H7NO3/c4-2(1-5)3(6)7/h2,5H,1,4H2,(H,6,7)/t2-/m0/s1 |
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InChI Key | InChIKey=MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-REOHCLBHSA-N |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | belongs to the class of organic compounds known as serine and derivatives. Serine and derivatives are compounds containing serine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of serine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organic acids and derivatives |
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Class | Carboxylic acids and derivatives |
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Sub Class | Amino acids, peptides, and analogues |
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Direct Parent | Serine and derivatives |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Serine or derivatives
- Alpha-amino acid
- L-alpha-amino acid
- Beta-hydroxy acid
- Hydroxy acid
- Amino acid
- Carboxylic acid
- Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Alcohol
- Primary amine
- Primary alcohol
- Organooxygen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Primary aliphatic amine
- Organic oxide
- Organopnictogen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Organic oxygen compound
- Amine
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Aliphatic acyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aliphatic acyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Biological Properties |
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Status | Detected and Not Quantified |
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Origin | Endogenous |
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Cellular Locations | - Cytoplasm
- Extracellular
- Membrane
- Mitochondria
- Peroxisome
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Biofluid Locations | Not Available |
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Tissue Locations | |
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Pathways | |
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Applications | Not Available |
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Biological Roles | |
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Chemical Roles | Not Available |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Appearance | White powder. |
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Experimental Properties | Property | Value |
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Melting Point | 228 dec°C | Boiling Point | Not Available | Solubility | 4.25E+005 mg/L (at 25°C) | LogP | -3.07 |
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Predicted Properties | |
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Spectra |
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Spectra | Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | View |
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GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS) | splash10-0udi-0940000000-59d5e0f76fd204be8110 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS) | splash10-0udi-0980000000-ab49fc3ee88db87d1a16 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (2 TMS) | splash10-0159-0900000000-8e169037bcbe1dcd5de8 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS) | splash10-0uxr-0970000000-67271ed235e35c662db5 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS) | splash10-00di-9540000000-1297bf302358bcf0f1c0 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS) | splash10-0uxr-1790000000-caaa37778f5a4686f5f0 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0159-0900000000-ae4f860052c41e9ba734 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0uxr-0590000000-ce32a8bfb64d16590b52 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0udi-0940000000-59d5e0f76fd204be8110 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0udi-0980000000-ab49fc3ee88db87d1a16 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0159-0900000000-8e169037bcbe1dcd5de8 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0uxr-0970000000-67271ed235e35c662db5 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-QQ (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00dr-7966000000-7b5b37fd4ac885548172 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00di-9540000000-1297bf302358bcf0f1c0 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-0uxr-1790000000-caaa37778f5a4686f5f0 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-06sl-9000000000-033631650075b940e0e2 | JSpectraViewer | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-0fkl-9420000000-ed7a327e1f071802a4dd | JSpectraViewer | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_3) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_2) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_3) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_4) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-03di-9100000000-38f84912ebfc7b4e8339 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-03dl-9000000000-89e57995d3ca765a20e8 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-01ox-9100000000-f3baf93032cc9f09cf2d | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-0zfr-0900000000-b6085e53e881cdaa1824 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-000i-9000000000-2e16e9d6f9b3c2688f8a | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-0a4i-9000000000-9857daa028fb3016a7e2 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-0006-0009200000-0617acd25c69bf24ad1f | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-0a4i-0900000000-823dfcf6229956372e31 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-0a4i-9000000000-eec63565f8a9fe4bd336 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-000i-9000000000-008412efd202c202d56a | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-0002-0930000000-932aedc4efb5e1dd5e7b | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-0w29-0951000000-cd0895e475dd50e4934d | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-00di-9000000000-15294ba22b153cf5ab5b | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-014i-9000000000-48c370acff657443f0e6 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-0udi-0190000000-1bad10ba7388ce0c2249 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-0ue9-0792100000-9f2bfe40e4c01044d209 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-00di-9000000000-dfa7aca58cc28303ebc7 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-0udi-0900000000-282f31d8021649afdbe8 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-0udi-0290000000-eeee98e6b0514b08cd63 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative | splash10-0udi-1900000000-ed66566e27a94ee99f13 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative | splash10-00di-9100000000-b9f6b4b6ee7c88a9c569 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative | splash10-00di-9000000000-929aea63ace0e20c6d43 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negative | splash10-00di-9000000000-ba9cd5b3e37ded5d3764 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positive | splash10-0a4i-6900000000-5622633ab0a27d2e5360 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Positive | splash10-03di-9000000000-3e25ca80e2e62be19ac5 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | MS | Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization) | splash10-0200-9000000000-dc5e2afcfab602641180 | JSpectraViewer | MoNA | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 2D NMR | [1H,1H] 2D NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer | 2D NMR | [1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum | Not Available | JSpectraViewer |
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Toxicity Profile |
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Route of Exposure | Not Available |
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Mechanism of Toxicity | L-Serine plays a role in cell growth and development (cellular proliferation). The conversion of L-serine to glycine by serine hydroxymethyltransferase results in the formation of the one-carbon units necessary for the synthesis of the purine bases, adenine and guanine. These bases when linked to the phosphate ester of pentose sugars are essential components of DNA and RNA and the end products of energy producing metabolic pathways, ATP and GTP. In addition, L-serine conversion to glycine via this same enzyme provides the one-carbon units necessary for production of the pyrimidine nucleotide, deoxythymidine monophosphate, also an essential component of DNA. |
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Metabolism | Not Available |
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Toxicity Values | Not Available |
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Lethal Dose | Not Available |
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Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
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Uses/Sources | Used as a natural moisturizing agent in some cosmetics and skin care products. |
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Minimum Risk Level | Not Available |
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Health Effects | Not Available |
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Symptoms | Not Available |
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Treatment | Not Available |
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Normal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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External Links |
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DrugBank ID | DB00133 |
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HMDB ID | HMDB00187 |
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PubChem Compound ID | 5951 |
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ChEMBL ID | CHEMBL11298 |
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ChemSpider ID | 5736 |
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KEGG ID | C00065 |
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UniProt ID | Not Available |
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OMIM ID | |
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ChEBI ID | 17115 |
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BioCyc ID | SER |
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CTD ID | Not Available |
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Stitch ID | Not Available |
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PDB ID | SER |
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ACToR ID | Not Available |
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Wikipedia Link | Serine |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Kenichi Ishiwata, Nobuyoshi Makiguichi, Hideki Kawashima, Tadashi Suzuki, Masami Imadegawa, “Method of producing L-serine.” U.S. Patent US4782021, issued August, 1973. |
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MSDS | Link |
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General References | - de Koning TJ, Snell K, Duran M, Berger R, Poll-The BT, Surtees R: L-serine in disease and development. Biochem J. 2003 May 1;371(Pt 3):653-61. [12534373 ]
- Furuya S, Watanabe M: Novel neuroglial and glioglial relationships mediated by L-serine metabolism. Arch Histol Cytol. 2003 May;66(2):109-21. [12846552 ]
- Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14. [15911239 ]
- Kaumeyer JF, Polazzi JO, Kotick MP: The mRNA for a proteinase inhibitor related to the HI-30 domain of inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor also encodes alpha-1-microglobulin (protein HC). Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Oct 24;14(20):7839-50. [2430261 ]
- Haas W, Grabe K, Geis C, Pach T, Stoll K, Fuchs M, Haberl B, Loy C: Recognition and invasion of human skin by Schistosoma mansoni cercariae: the key-role of L-arginine. Parasitology. 2002 Feb;124(Pt 2):153-67. [11860033 ]
- Cynober LA: Plasma amino acid levels with a note on membrane transport: characteristics, regulation, and metabolic significance. Nutrition. 2002 Sep;18(9):761-6. [12297216 ]
- Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24. [14992292 ]
- Hashimoto K, Engberg G, Shimizu E, Nordin C, Lindstrom LH, Iyo M: Reduced D-serine to total serine ratio in the cerebrospinal fluid of drug naive schizophrenic patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;29(5):767-9. [15939521 ]
- Castedo M, Ferri KF, Blanco J, Roumier T, Larochette N, Barretina J, Amendola A, Nardacci R, Metivier D, Este JA, Piacentini M, Kroemer G: Human immunodeficiency virus 1 envelope glycoprotein complex-induced apoptosis involves mammalian target of rapamycin/FKBP12-rapamycin-associated protein-mediated p53 phosphorylation. J Exp Med. 2001 Oct 15;194(8):1097-110. [11602639 ]
- Liu T, Zhu E, Wang L, Okada T, Yamaguchi A, Okada N: Abnormal expression of Rb pathway-related proteins in salivary gland acinic cell carcinoma. Hum Pathol. 2005 Sep;36(9):962-70. [16153458 ]
- Franchi-Gazzola R, Gazzola GC, Dall'Asta V, Guidotti GG: The transport of alanine, serine, and cysteine in cultured human fibroblasts. J Biol Chem. 1982 Aug 25;257(16):9582-7. [6809740 ]
- Fontaine M, Porchet N, Largilliere C, Marrakchi S, Lhermitte M, Aubert JP, Degand P: Biochemical contribution to diagnosis and study of a new case of D-glyceric acidemia/aciduria. Clin Chem. 1989 Oct;35(10):2148-51. [2551543 ]
- Yamamoto T, Nishizaki I, Nukada T, Kamegaya E, Furuya S, Hirabayashi Y, Ikeda K, Hata H, Kobayashi H, Sora I, Yamamoto H: Functional identification of ASCT1 neutral amino acid transporter as the predominant system for the uptake of L-serine in rat neurons in primary culture. Neurosci Res. 2004 May;49(1):101-11. [15099708 ]
- Mackie S, Aitken A: Novel brain 14-3-3 interacting proteins involved in neurodegenerative disease. FEBS J. 2005 Aug;272(16):4202-10. [16098201 ]
- Kobza K, Camporeale G, Rueckert B, Kueh A, Griffin JB, Sarath G, Zempleni J: K4, K9 and K18 in human histone H3 are targets for biotinylation by biotinidase. FEBS J. 2005 Aug;272(16):4249-59. [16098205 ]
- Whittemore AS, Cirillo PM, Feldman D, Cohn BA: Prostate specific antigen levels in young adulthood predict prostate cancer risk: results from a cohort of Black and White Americans. J Urol. 2005 Sep;174(3):872-6; discussion 876. [16093978 ]
- Schulz I, Zeitschel U, Rudolph T, Ruiz-Carrillo D, Rahfeld JU, Gerhartz B, Bigl V, Demuth HU, Rossner S: Subcellular localization suggests novel functions for prolyl endopeptidase in protein secretion. J Neurochem. 2005 Aug;94(4):970-9. [16092940 ]
- Nicholson JK, O'Flynn MP, Sadler PJ, Macleod AF, Juul SM, Sonksen PH: Proton-nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies of serum, plasma and urine from fasting normal and diabetic subjects. Biochem J. 1984 Jan 15;217(2):365-75. [6696735 ]
- Engelborghs S, Marescau B, De Deyn PP: Amino acids and biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res. 2003 Aug;28(8):1145-50. [12834252 ]
- Hagenfeldt L, Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA: Amino acids in plasma and CSF and monoamine metabolites in CSF: interrelationship in healthy subjects. J Neurochem. 1984 Mar;42(3):833-7. [6198473 ]
- Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762. [19212411 ]
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Gene Regulation |
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Up-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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Down-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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