T3DB: L-Tyrosine

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Identification Taxonomy Biological Properties Physical Properties Toxicity Profile Spectra Concentrations Links References Gene Regulation Targets (5)XML

Targets (5)

Record Information

Version

2.0

Creation Date

2014-08-29 06:35:59 UTC

Update Date

2014-12-24 20:26:47 UTC

Accession Number

T3D4371

Identification

Common Name

L-Tyrosine

Class

Small Molecule

Description

Tyrosine is an essential amino acid that readily passes the blood-brain barrier. Once in the brain, it is a precursor for the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine, better known as adrenalin. These neurotransmitters are an important part of the body's sympathetic nervous system, and their concentrations in the body and brain are directly dependent upon dietary tyrosine. Tyrosine is not found in large concentrations throughout the body, probably because it is rapidly metabolized. Folic acid, copper and vitamin C are cofactor nutrients of these reactions. Tyrosine is also the precursor for hormones, thyroid, catecholestrogens and the major human pigment, melanin. Tyrosine is an important amino acid in many proteins, peptides and even enkephalins, the body's natural pain reliever. Valine and other branched amino acids, and possibly tryptophan and phenylalanine may reduce tyrosine absorption. A number of genetic errors of tyrosine metabolism occur. Most common is the increased amount of tyrosine in the blood of premature infants, which is marked by decreased motor activity, lethargy and poor feeding. Infection and intellectual deficits may occur. Vitamin C supplements reverse the disease. Some adults also develop elevated tyrosine in their blood. This indicates a need for more vitamin C. More tyrosine is needed under stress, and tyrosine supplements prevent the stress-induced depletion of norepinephrine and can cure biochemical depression. However, tyrosine may not be good for psychosis. Many antipsychotic medications apparently function by inhibiting tyrosine metabolism. L-dopa, which is directly used in Parkinson's, is made from tyrosine. Tyrosine, the nutrient, can be used as an adjunct in the treatment of Parkinson's. Peripheral metabolism of tyrosine necessitates large doses of tyrosine, however, compared to L-dopa.

Compound Type

Amine
Animal Toxin
Dietary Supplement
Drug
Food Toxin
Metabolite
Micronutrient
Natural Compound
Non-Essential Amino Acid
Nutraceutical
Organic Compound
Supplement

Chemical Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Synonym
(-)-a-Amino-p-hydroxyhydrocinnamate
(-)-a-Amino-p-hydroxyhydrocinnamic acid
(-)-alpha-Amino-p-hydroxyhydrocinnamate
(-)-alpha-Amino-p-hydroxyhydrocinnamic acid
(2S)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
(S)-(-)-Tyrosine
(S)-2-Amino-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionate
(S)-2-Amino-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid
(S)-3-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)alanine
(S)-a-amino-4-hydroxy-Benzenepropanoate
(S)-a-amino-4-hydroxy-Benzenepropanoic acid
(S)-a-Amino-4-hydroxybenzenepropanoate
(S)-a-Amino-4-hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid
(S)-alpha-amino-4-hydroxy-Benzenepropanoate
(S)-alpha-amino-4-hydroxy-Benzenepropanoic acid
(S)-alpha-Amino-4-hydroxybenzenepropanoate
(S)-alpha-Amino-4-hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid
(S)-Tyrosine
(S)-α-amino-4-hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid
(−)-α-amino-p-hydroxyhydrocinnamic acid
2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxyphen yl)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-Propanoate
2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxyphen yl)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-Propanoic acid
3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine
4-Hydroxy-L-Phenylalanine
Benzenepropanoate
Benzenepropanoic acid
L-p-Tyrosine
L-Tyrosin
p-Tyrosine
Rxosine
Tyr
Tyrosine
Y

Chemical Formula

C₉H₁₁NO₃

Average Molecular Mass

181.189 g/mol

Monoisotopic Mass

181.074 g/mol

CAS Registry Number

60-18-4

IUPAC Name

(2S)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid

Traditional Name

L-tyrosine

SMILES

[H][C@](N)(CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1)C(O)=O

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C9H11NO3/c10-8(9(12)13)5-6-1-3-7(11)4-2-6/h1-4,8,11H,5,10H2,(H,12,13)/t8-/m0/s1

InChI Key

InChIKey=OUYCCCASQSFEME-QMMMGPOBSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosine and derivatives. Tyrosine and derivatives are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organic acids and derivatives

Class

Carboxylic acids and derivatives

Sub Class

Amino acids, peptides, and analogues

Direct Parent

Tyrosine and derivatives

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Tyrosine or derivatives
Phenylalanine or derivatives
3-phenylpropanoic-acid
Alpha-amino acid
Amphetamine or derivatives
L-alpha-amino acid
1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
Phenol
Aralkylamine
Monocyclic benzene moiety
Benzenoid
Amino acid
Carboxylic acid
Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
Organic oxide
Organooxygen compound
Organonitrogen compound
Amine
Primary aliphatic amine
Organic nitrogen compound
Carbonyl group
Organopnictogen compound
Organic oxygen compound
Hydrocarbon derivative
Primary amine
Aromatic homomonocyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds

External Descriptors

proteinogenic amino acid (CHEBI:17895 )
L-alpha-amino acid (CHEBI:17895 )
tyrosine (CHEBI:17895 )
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid (CHEBI:17895 )
Common amino acids (C00082 )

Biological Properties

Status

Detected and Not Quantified

Origin

Endogenous

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm
Extracellular
Mitochondria

Biofluid Locations

Not Available

Tissue Locations

All Tissues
Prostate

Pathways

Name	SMPDB Link	KEGG Link
Catecholamine Biosynthesis	SMP00012	map00350
Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Metabolism	SMP00008	map00360
Transcription/Translation	SMP00019	Not Available
Tyrosine Metabolism	SMP00006	map00350
Hartnup Disorder	SMP00189	Not Available
Hawkinsinuria	SMP00190	Not Available
Tyrosinemia, transient, of the newborn	SMP00494	Not Available
Tyrosinemia Type 2 (or Richner-Hanhart syndrome)	SMP00369	Not Available
Tyrosinemia Type 3 (TYRO3)	SMP00370	Not Available
Tyrosinemia Type I	SMP00218	Not Available

Applications

nutraceutical

Biological Roles

Chemical Roles

EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor

Physical Properties

State

Solid

Appearance

White powder.

Experimental Properties

Property	Value
Melting Point	343 dec°C
Boiling Point	Not Available
Solubility	479 mg/L (at 25°C)
LogP	-2.26

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	7.67 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	-2.4	ALOGPS
logP	-1.5	ChemAxon
logS	-1.4	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	2	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	9.19	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	4	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	3	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	83.55 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	3	ChemAxon
Refractivity	47.1 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	18.01 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	1	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	1	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	Yes	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	Yes	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	View
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)	splash10-014i-0690000000-cbbf40bb26fc84f2aead	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)	splash10-014i-0890000000-ca45f993f95c8b0cee44	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)	splash10-014i-0890000000-5749069211ba15d713ef	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)	splash10-00xr-9240000000-2c87373c0d964e0edef5	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)	splash10-014i-0890000000-848b2a4f247a0b3f14e8	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)	splash10-00xr-9450000000-6d4550940f4dde6f18ff	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS)	splash10-004i-1910000000-5cc19cad5dc24b3b9b11	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS)	splash10-014i-1790000000-de22041357aadf60a06b	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-014i-0690000000-cbbf40bb26fc84f2aead	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-014i-0890000000-ca45f993f95c8b0cee44	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-014i-0890000000-5749069211ba15d713ef	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00xr-9240000000-2c87373c0d964e0edef5	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-014i-0890000000-848b2a4f247a0b3f14e8	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-QQ (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0udi-3319000000-1d3d28a67f82366fff22	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00xr-9450000000-6d4550940f4dde6f18ff	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)	splash10-004i-1910000000-5cc19cad5dc24b3b9b11	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)	splash10-014i-1790000000-de22041357aadf60a06b	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-052r-4900000000-9be1412408207db5df4e	JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-05fr-9750000000-937b6ee7a745865ee7ee	JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_3) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_2) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_3) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-03e9-0839226000-5504e667281c746669ec	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-03di-0900000000-f65cb3ad2fa730c922f7	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-001i-0900000000-a9276fe43ef61b4693e6	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-0a59-0039210000-21b4bd9870bf4965a6d1	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-001i-0848491200-aae99eb0b66dd1c7036d	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-03di-0900000000-4104a2ca5d5ef5f22f6d	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-001i-0900000000-f309996d57a95c719deb	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-03di-0013090000-112cd9c2eea42dbc079b	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative	splash10-001i-0900000000-c7f95918d936586f633d	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative	splash10-03yi-1900000000-d1682546c1e0893c71e4	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative	splash10-014i-2900000000-a0cc78ed35e56dd812a5	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negative	splash10-00kf-9500000000-d3f399f5dd10e338e25a	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negative	splash10-0006-9200000000-8acd8d370f194bfe28ed	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negative	splash10-001i-1900000000-571c365754ff408549e4	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	splash10-001i-0900000000-c7f95918d936586f633d	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	splash10-03yi-1900000000-644614c00b6e9f6aef94	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	splash10-014i-2900000000-a0cc78ed35e56dd812a5	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	splash10-00kf-9500000000-d3f399f5dd10e338e25a	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	splash10-0006-9200000000-8acd8d370f194bfe28ed	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	splash10-03di-0900000000-f65cb3ad2fa730c922f7	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	splash10-001i-0900000000-a9276fe43ef61b4693e6	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	splash10-0a59-0039210000-21b4bd9870bf4965a6d1	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	splash10-03di-0900000000-972f236da42e07f9af17	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	splash10-001i-0900000000-f309996d57a95c719deb	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	splash10-03di-0013090000-112cd9c2eea42dbc079b	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
MS	Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	splash10-0a4i-3900000000-7a26097fda66f2f445b5	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
2D NMR	[1H,1H] 2D NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
2D NMR	[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer

Toxicity Profile

Route of Exposure

L-tyrosine is absorbed from the small intestine by a sodium-dependent active transport process.

Mechanism of Toxicity

Tyrosine is produced in cells by hydroxylating the essential amino acid phenylalanine. This relationship is much like that between cysteine and methionine. Half of the phenylalanine required goes into the production of tyrosine; if the diet is rich in tyrosine itself, the requirements for phenylalanine are reduced by about 50%. The mechanism of L-tyrosine's antidepressant activity can be accounted for by the precursor role of L-tyrosine in the synthesis of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine. Elevated brain norepinephrine and dopamine levels are thought to be associated with antidepressant effects.

Metabolism

In the liver, L-tyrosine is involved in a number of biochemical reactions, including protein synthesis and oxidative catabolic reactions. L-tyrosine that is not metabolized in the liver is distributed via the systemic circulation to the various tissues of the body.

Toxicity Values

LD₅₀ (oral, rat) > 5110 mg/kg

Lethal Dose

Not Available

Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Uses/Sources

Tyrosine is claimed to act as an effective antidepressant, however results are mixed. Tyrosine has also been claimed to reduce stress and combat narcolepsy and chronic fatigue, however these claims have been refuted by some studies.

Minimum Risk Level

Not Available

Health Effects

Not Available

Symptoms

Not Available

Treatment

Not Available

Normal Concentrations

Not Available

Abnormal Concentrations

Not Available

External Links

DrugBank ID

HMDB ID

PubChem Compound ID

ChEMBL ID

ChemSpider ID

KEGG ID

UniProt ID

Not Available

OMIM ID

ChEBI ID

17895

BioCyc ID

TYR

CTD ID

Not Available

Stitch ID

Not Available

PDB ID

TYR

ACToR ID

Not Available

Wikipedia Link

L-Tyrosine

References

Synthesis Reference

Hai-quan Mao, Kam W. Leong, “Biodegradable poly (phosphoester-co-desaminotyrosyl L-tyrosine ester) compounds, compositions, articles and methods for making and using the same.” U.S. Patent US5912225, issued May, 1960.

MSDS

Link

General References

Hoffhines AJ, Damoc E, Bridges KG, Leary JA, Moore KL: Detection and purification of tyrosine-sulfated proteins using a novel anti-sulfotyrosine monoclonal antibody. J Biol Chem. 2006 Dec 8;281(49):37877-87. Epub 2006 Oct 17. [17046811 ]
Molnar GA, Wagner Z, Marko L, Ko Szegi T, Mohas M, Kocsis B, Matus Z, Wagner L, Tamasko M, Mazak I, Laczy B, Nagy J, Wittmann I: Urinary ortho-tyrosine excretion in diabetes mellitus and renal failure: evidence for hydroxyl radical production. Kidney Int. 2005 Nov;68(5):2281-7. [16221230 ]
Molnar GA, Nemes V, Biro Z, Ludany A, Wagner Z, Wittmann I: Accumulation of the hydroxyl free radical markers meta-, ortho-tyrosine and DOPA in cataractous lenses is accompanied by a lower protein and phenylalanine content of the water-soluble phase. Free Radic Res. 2005 Dec;39(12):1359-66. [16298866 ]
Deng C, Shang C, Hu Y, Zhang X: Rapid diagnosis of phenylketonuria and other aminoacidemias by quantitative analysis of amino acids in neonatal blood spots by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2002 Jul 25;775(1):115-20. [12101068 ]
Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14. [15911239 ]
Cynober LA: Plasma amino acid levels with a note on membrane transport: characteristics, regulation, and metabolic significance. Nutrition. 2002 Sep;18(9):761-6. [12297216 ]
Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24. [14992292 ]
Flamen P, Bernheim N, Deron P, Caveliers V, Chavatte K, Franken PR, Bossuyt A: Iodine-123 alpha-methyl-l-tyrosine single-photon emission tomography for the visualization of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Eur J Nucl Med. 1998 Feb;25(2):177-81. [9473267 ]
Sjoberg S, Eriksson M, Nordin C: L-thyroxine treatment and neurotransmitter levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of hypothyroid patients: a pilot study. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998 Nov;139(5):493-7. [9849813 ]
Ishiwata K, Tsukada H, Kubota K, Nariai T, Harada N, Kawamura K, Kimura Y, Oda K, Iwata R, Ishii K: Preclinical and clinical evaluation of O-[11C]methyl-L-tyrosine for tumor imaging by positron emission tomography. Nucl Med Biol. 2005 Apr;32(3):253-62. [15820760 ]
Wannemacher RW Jr, Klainer AS, Dinterman RE, Beisel WR: The significance and mechanism of an increased serum phenylalanine-tyrosine ratio during infection. Am J Clin Nutr. 1976 Sep;29(9):997-1006. [822705 ]
Eklundh T, Eriksson M, Sjoberg S, Nordin C: Monoamine precursors, transmitters and metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid: a prospective study in healthy male subjects. J Psychiatr Res. 1996 May-Jun;30(3):201-8. [8884658 ]
Silwood CJ, Lynch E, Claxson AW, Grootveld MC: 1H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of human saliva. J Dent Res. 2002 Jun;81(6):422-7. [12097436 ]
Nicholson JK, O'Flynn MP, Sadler PJ, Macleod AF, Juul SM, Sonksen PH: Proton-nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies of serum, plasma and urine from fasting normal and diabetic subjects. Biochem J. 1984 Jan 15;217(2):365-75. [6696735 ]
Engelborghs S, Marescau B, De Deyn PP: Amino acids and biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res. 2003 Aug;28(8):1145-50. [12834252 ]
Hagenfeldt L, Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA: Amino acids in plasma and CSF and monoamine metabolites in CSF: interrelationship in healthy subjects. J Neurochem. 1984 Mar;42(3):833-7. [6198473 ]
Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762. [19212411 ]

Gene Regulation

Up-Regulated Genes

Not Available

Down-Regulated Genes

Not Available

Targets

Target Details

1. Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase

General Function:: Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity
Specific Function:: Plays an important role in the physiology of adrenergic neurons.
Gene Name:: TH
Uniprot ID:: P07101
Molecular Weight:: 58599.545 Da

References

Olsovska J, Novotna J, Flieger M, Spizek J: Assay of tyrosine hydroxylase based on high-performance liquid chromatography separation and quantification of L-dopa and L-tyrosine. Biomed Chromatogr. 2007 Dec;21(12):1252-8. [17604359 ]
Bodnar I, Hechtl D, Szekacs D, Olah M, Nagy GM: Effect of local (intracerebral and intracerebroventricular) administration of tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor on the neuroendocrine dopaminergic neurons and prolactin release. Ideggyogy Sz. 2007 Mar 30;60(3-4):177-81. [17451064 ]
Rostrup M, Fossbakk A, Hauge A, Kleppe R, Gnaiger E, Haavik J: Oxygen dependence of tyrosine hydroxylase. Amino Acids. 2008 Apr;34(3):455-64. Epub 2007 May 23. [17520326 ]
Richards AB, Scheel TA, Wang K, Henkemeyer M, Kromer LF: EphB1 null mice exhibit neuronal loss in substantia nigra pars reticulata and spontaneous locomotor hyperactivity. Eur J Neurosci. 2007 May;25(9):2619-28. [17561836 ]
Ugriumov MV: [Brain neurons partly expressing monoaminergic phenotype: distribution, development, and functional significance]. Usp Fiziol Nauk. 2007 Apr-Jun;38(2):3-25. [17578016 ]
Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [11752352 ]

Target Details

2. Tyrosine--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial

General Function:: Tyrosine-trna ligase activity
Specific Function:: Catalyzes the attachment of tyrosine to tRNA(Tyr) in a two-step reaction: tyrosine is first activated by ATP to form Tyr-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Tyr).
Gene Name:: YARS2
Uniprot ID:: Q9Y2Z4
Molecular Weight:: 53198.56 Da

References

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [17139284 ]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [17016423 ]
Zhang Y, Wang L, Schultz PG, Wilson IA: Crystal structures of apo wild-type M. jannaschii tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS) and an engineered TyrRS specific for O-methyl-L-tyrosine. Protein Sci. 2005 May;14(5):1340-9. [15840835 ]
Kiga D, Sakamoto K, Kodama K, Kigawa T, Matsuda T, Yabuki T, Shirouzu M, Harada Y, Nakayama H, Takio K, Hasegawa Y, Endo Y, Hirao I, Yokoyama S: An engineered Escherichia coli tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase for site-specific incorporation of an unnatural amino acid into proteins in eukaryotic translation and its application in a wheat germ cell-free system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jul 23;99(15):9715-20. Epub 2002 Jul 3. [12097643 ]
Kobayashi T, Nureki O, Ishitani R, Yaremchuk A, Tukalo M, Cusack S, Sakamoto K, Yokoyama S: Structural basis for orthogonal tRNA specificities of tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases for genetic code expansion. Nat Struct Biol. 2003 Jun;10(6):425-32. [12754495 ]

Target Details

3. Tubulin--tyrosine ligase

General Function:: Tubulin-tyrosine ligase activity
Specific Function:: Catalyzes the post-translational addition of a tyrosine to the C-terminal end of detyrosinated alpha-tubulin.
Gene Name:: TTL
Uniprot ID:: Q8NG68
Molecular Weight:: 43211.94 Da

Binding/Activity Constants

Type	Value	Assay Type	Assay Source
Inhibitory	25 uM	Not Available	BindingDB 18129

References

Banerjee A, Panosian TD, Mukherjee K, Ravindra R, Gal S, Sackett DL, Bane S: Site-specific orthogonal labeling of the carboxy terminus of alpha-tubulin. ACS Chem Biol. 2010 Aug 20;5(8):777-85. doi: 10.1021/cb100060v. [20545322 ]

Target Details

4. Tyrosine aminotransferase

General Function:: Pyridoxal phosphate binding
Specific Function:: Transaminase involved in tyrosine breakdown. Converts tyrosine to p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. Can catalyze the reverse reaction, using glutamic acid, with 2-oxoglutarate as cosubstrate (in vitro). Has much lower affinity and transaminase activity towards phenylalanine.
Gene Name:: TAT
Uniprot ID:: P17735
Molecular Weight:: 50398.895 Da

References

Dong S, Kang S, Gu TL, Kardar S, Fu H, Lonial S, Khoury HJ, Khuri F, Chen J: 14-3-3 Integrates prosurvival signals mediated by the AKT and MAPK pathways in ZNF198-FGFR1-transformed hematopoietic cells. Blood. 2007 Jul 1;110(1):360-9. Epub 2007 Mar 27. [17389761 ]

Target Details

5. Tyrosine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic

General Function:: Tyrosine-trna ligase activity
Specific Function:: Catalyzes the attachment of tyrosine to tRNA(Tyr) in a two-step reaction: tyrosine is first activated by ATP to form Tyr-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Tyr).
Gene Name:: YARS
Uniprot ID:: P54577
Molecular Weight:: 59143.025 Da

References

Bonnefond L, Frugier M, Touze E, Lorber B, Florentz C, Giege R, Rudinger-Thirion J, Sauter C: Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase: the first crystallization of a human mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2007 Apr 1;63(Pt 4):338-41. Epub 2007 Mar 30. [17401211 ]

L-Tyrosine (T3D4371)

Structure for T3D4371: L-Tyrosine

Targets

References

References

Binding/Activity Constants

References

References

References