Sodium chloride (T3D4666)
| Record Information | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Version | 2.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Creation Date | 2014-09-08 02:41:57 UTC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:26:54 UTC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accession Number | T3D4666 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Identification | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common Name | Sodium chloride | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Class | Small Molecule | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Description | Sodium chloride or table salt is a mineral substance belonging to the larger class of compounds called ionic salts. Salt in its natural form is known as rock salt or halite. Salt is present in vast quantities in the ocean, which has about 35 grams of sodium chloride per litre, corresponding to a salinity of 3.5%. Salt is essential for animal life, and saltiness is one of the basic human tastes. The tissues of animals contain larger quantities of salt than do plant tissues. Salt is one of the oldest and most ubiquitous of food seasonings, and salting is an important method of food preservation. Salt is produced from salt mines or by the evaporation of seawater or mineral-rich spring water in shallow pools. Salt is used in many industrial processes and in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride, plastics, paper pulp and many other consumer products. Of the global annual production of around 200,000,000 tonnes of salt, only 6% is used for human consumption. Other uses include water conditioning, highway de-icing and various agricultural applications. For humans, salt is a major source of sodium. Sodium is essential to life: it helps nerves and muscles to function correctly, and it is one of the factors involved in the regulation of water content. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Compound Type |
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| Chemical Structure |  | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Synonyms | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical Formula | ClNa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average Molecular Mass | 58.443 g/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Monoisotopic Mass | 57.959 g/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS Registry Number | 7647-14-5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IUPAC Name | sodium chloride | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Name | sodium chloride | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SMILES | [Na+].[Cl-] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/ClH.Na/h1H;/q;+1/p-1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| InChI Key | InChIKey=FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical Taxonomy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Description | belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as alkali metal chlorides. These are inorganic compounds in which the largest halogen atom is Chlorine, and the heaviest metal atom is an alkali metal. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kingdom | Inorganic compounds | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Super Class | Mixed metal/non-metal compounds | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Class | Alkali metal salts | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sub Class | Alkali metal chlorides | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Direct Parent | Alkali metal chlorides | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alternative Parents | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Substituents |
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| Molecular Framework | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External Descriptors |
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| Biological Properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Status | Detected and Not Quantified | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Origin | Endogenous and Exogenous | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cellular Locations |
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| Biofluid Locations | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tissue Locations |
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| Pathways |
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| Applications | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Biological Roles | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical Roles | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical Properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| State | Solid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | White crystals | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experimental Properties |
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| Predicted Properties |
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| Spectra | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spectra | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Toxicity Profile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Route of Exposure | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mechanism of Toxicity | A high salt diet disrupts the natural sodium balance in the body. This causes fluid retention which increases the pressure exerted by the blood against blood vessel walls leading to high blood pressure or hypertension. It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10g a day to 6g could reduce blood pressure sufficiently that it would lead to a 16% reduction in deaths from strokes and a 12% reduction in deaths from coronary heart disease. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Metabolism | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Toxicity Values | The World Health Organization recommends that all adults should consume less than 2,000 mg of sodium (which is equivalent to 5 g of salt) per day. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lethal Dose | LD50 3000 mg/kg (oral, rat), LD50 1000 mg/kg (humans) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | Not listed by IARC. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Uses/Sources | Salt is used for food flavouring, food, plastic production, paper production, water conditioning, de-icing, agricultural applications. Salt is produced from salt mines or by the evaporation of seawater or mineral-rich spring water in shallow pools. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Minimum Risk Level | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Health Effects | Too much or too little salt in the diet can lead to muscle cramps, dizziness, or electrolyte disturbance, which can cause neurological problems, or eveb death. Death can occur by ingestion of large amounts of salt in a short time (about 1 g per kg of body weight). Deaths have also resulted from attempted use of salt solutions as emetics, forced salt intake, and accidental confusion of salt with sugar in child food. Long term or chronically excessive intake of salt can lead to stroke, high blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy and stomach cancer. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Symptoms | Acute salt overdoses can lead to muscle cramps, dizziness or neurological conditions. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Treatment | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Normal Concentrations | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Abnormal Concentrations | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External Links | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DrugBank ID | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HMDB ID | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| PubChem Compound ID | 5234 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ChEMBL ID | CHEMBL1200574 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ChemSpider ID | 5044 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| KEGG ID | C13563 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| UniProt ID | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OMIM ID | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ChEBI ID | 26710 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| BioCyc ID | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CTD ID | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stitch ID | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| PDB ID | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ACToR ID | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wikipedia Link | Sodium_chloride | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| References | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Synthesis Reference | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MSDS | T3D4666.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| General References | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gene Regulation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Up-Regulated Genes | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Down-Regulated Genes | Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Targets
- General Function:
- Metallopeptidase activity
- Specific Function:
- May be involved in mediating calcium-activated chloride conductance. May play critical roles in goblet cell metaplasia, mucus hypersecretion, cystic fibrosis and AHR. May be involved in the regulation of mucus production and/or secretion by goblet cells. Involved in the regulation of tissue inflammation in the innate immune response. May play a role as a tumor suppressor. Induces MUC5AC.
- Gene Name:
- CLCA1
- Uniprot ID:
- A8K7I4
- Molecular Weight:
- 100224.765 Da
- General Function:
- Metallopeptidase activity
- Specific Function:
- Plays a role in modulating chloride current across the plasma membrane in a calcium-dependent manner, and cell adhesion. Involved in basal cell adhesion and/or stratification of squamous epithelia. May act as a tumor suppressor in breast and colorectal cancer. Plays a key role for cell adhesion in the beginning stages of lung metastasis via the binding to ITGB4.
- Gene Name:
- CLCA2
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9UQC9
- Molecular Weight:
- 103940.01 Da
- General Function:
- Metallopeptidase activity
- Specific Function:
- May be involved in mediating calcium-activated chloride conductance.
- Gene Name:
- CLCA4
- Uniprot ID:
- Q14CN2
- Molecular Weight:
- 101281.61 Da
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Not Available
- Gene Name:
- CLCA3P
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9Y6N3
- Molecular Weight:
- 29971.085 Da
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated chloride channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Voltage-gated chloride channel. Chloride channels have several functions including the regulation of cell volume; membrane potential stabilization, signal transduction and transepithelial transport.
- Gene Name:
- CLCN1
- Uniprot ID:
- P35523
- Molecular Weight:
- 108625.435 Da
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated chloride channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Voltage-gated chloride channel. Chloride channels have several functions including the regulation of cell volume; membrane potential stabilization, signal transduction and transepithelial transport.
- Gene Name:
- CLCN2
- Uniprot ID:
- P51788
- Molecular Weight:
- 98534.425 Da
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated chloride channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Voltage-gated chloride channel. Chloride channels have several functions including the regulation of cell volume; membrane potential stabilization, signal transduction and transepithelial transport. May be important in urinary concentrating mechanisms.
- Gene Name:
- CLCNKA
- Uniprot ID:
- P51800
- Molecular Weight:
- 75284.08 Da
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated chloride channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Voltage-gated chloride channel. Chloride channels have several functions including the regulation of cell volume; membrane potential stabilization, signal transduction and transepithelial transport. May be important in urinary concentrating mechanisms.
- Gene Name:
- CLCNKB
- Uniprot ID:
- P51801
- Molecular Weight:
- 75445.3 Da
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated chloride channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Chloride transport protein, initially identified as voltage-gated chloride channel. The presence of the conserved gating glutamate residues suggests that is functions as antiporter.
- Gene Name:
- CLCN6
- Uniprot ID:
- P51797
- Molecular Weight:
- 97287.84 Da
- General Function:
- Volume-sensitive chloride channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Mediates the exchange of chloride ions against protons. Functions as antiporter and contributes to the acidification of the endosome and synaptic vesicle lumen, and may thereby affect vesicle trafficking and exocytosis. May play an important role in neuronal cell function through regulation of membrane excitability by protein kinase C. It could help neuronal cells to establish short-term memory.
- Gene Name:
- CLCN3
- Uniprot ID:
- P51790
- Molecular Weight:
- 90965.275 Da
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated chloride channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Proton-coupled chloride transporter. Functions as antiport system and exchanges chloride ions against protons.
- Gene Name:
- CLCN4
- Uniprot ID:
- P51793
- Molecular Weight:
- 84915.965 Da
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated chloride channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Proton-coupled chloride transporter. Functions as antiport system and exchanges chloride ions against protons. Important for normal acidification of the endosome lumen. May play an important role in renal tubular function.
- Gene Name:
- CLCN5
- Uniprot ID:
- P51795
- Molecular Weight:
- 83146.045 Da
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated chloride channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Slowly voltage-gated channel mediating the exchange of chloride ions against protons. Functions as antiporter and contributes to the acidification of the lysosome lumen.
- Gene Name:
- CLCN7
- Uniprot ID:
- P51798
- Molecular Weight:
- 88678.26 Da
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient.
- Gene Name:
- SCN1A
- Uniprot ID:
- P35498
- Molecular Weight:
- 228969.49 Da
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient.
- Gene Name:
- SCN2A
- Uniprot ID:
- Q99250
- Molecular Weight:
- 227972.64 Da
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient.
- Gene Name:
- SCN3A
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9NY46
- Molecular Weight:
- 226291.905 Da
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
- Specific Function:
- This protein mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. This sodium channel may be present in both denervated and innervated skeletal muscle.
- Gene Name:
- SCN4A
- Uniprot ID:
- P35499
- Molecular Weight:
- 208059.175 Da
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in sa node cell action potential
- Specific Function:
- This protein mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. It is a tetrodotoxin-resistant Na(+) channel isoform. This channel is responsible for the initial upstroke of the action potential. Channel inactivation is regulated by intracellular calcium levels.
- Gene Name:
- SCN5A
- Uniprot ID:
- Q14524
- Molecular Weight:
- 226937.475 Da
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in purkinje myocyte action potential
- Specific Function:
- Crucial in the assembly, expression, and functional modulation of the heterotrimeric complex of the sodium channel. The subunit beta-1 can modulate multiple alpha subunit isoforms from brain, skeletal muscle, and heart. Its association with neurofascin may target the sodium channels to the nodes of Ranvier of developing axons and retain these channels at the nodes in mature myelinated axons.Isoform 2: Cell adhesion molecule that plays a critical role in neuronal migration and pathfinding during brain development. Stimulates neurite outgrowth.
- Gene Name:
- SCN1B
- Uniprot ID:
- Q07699
- Molecular Weight:
- 24706.955 Da
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential
- Specific Function:
- Crucial in the assembly, expression, and functional modulation of the heterotrimeric complex of the sodium channel. The subunit beta-2 causes an increase in the plasma membrane surface area and in its folding into microvilli. Interacts with TNR may play a crucial role in clustering and regulation of activity of sodium channels at nodes of Ranvier (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- SCN2B
- Uniprot ID:
- O60939
- Molecular Weight:
- 24325.69 Da
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential
- Specific Function:
- Modulates channel gating kinetics. Causes unique persistent sodium currents. Inactivates the sodium channel opening more slowly than the subunit beta-1. Its association with neurofascin may target the sodium channels to the nodes of Ranvier of developing axons and retain these channels at the nodes in mature myelinated axons (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- SCN3B
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9NY72
- Molecular Weight:
- 24702.08 Da
- General Function:
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential
- Specific Function:
- Modulates channel gating kinetics. Causes negative shifts in the voltage dependence of activation of certain alpha sodium channels, but does not affect the voltage dependence of inactivation. Modulates the suceptibility of the sodium channel to inhibition by toxic peptides from spider, scorpion, wasp and sea anemone venom.
- Gene Name:
- SCN4B
- Uniprot ID:
- Q8IWT1
- Molecular Weight:
- 24968.755 Da