Cholinesterase

NameCholinesterase
Synonyms
  • 3.1.1.8
  • Acylcholine acylhydrolase
  • Butyrylcholine esterase
  • CHE1
  • Choline esterase II
  • Pseudocholinesterase
Gene NameBCHE
OrganismHuman
Amino acid sequence
>lcl|BSEQ0016706|Cholinesterase
MHSKVTIICIRFLFWFLLLCMLIGKSHTEDDIIIATKNGKVRGMNLTVFGGTVTAFLGIP
YAQPPLGRLRFKKPQSLTKWSDIWNATKYANSCCQNIDQSFPGFHGSEMWNPNTDLSEDC
LYLNVWIPAPKPKNATVLIWIYGGGFQTGTSSLHVYDGKFLARVERVIVVSMNYRVGALG
FLALPGNPEAPGNMGLFDQQLALQWVQKNIAAFGGNPKSVTLFGESAGAASVSLHLLSPG
SHSLFTRAILQSGSFNAPWAVTSLYEARNRTLNLAKLTGCSRENETEIIKCLRNKDPQEI
LLNEAFVVPYGTPLSVNFGPTVDGDFLTDMPDILLELGQFKKTQILVGVNKDEGTAFLVY
GAPGFSKDNNSIITRKEFQEGLKIFFPGVSEFGKESILFHYTDWVDDQRPENYREALGDV
VGDYNFICPALEFTKKFSEWGNNAFFYYFEHRSSKLPWPEWMGVMHGYEIEFVFGLPLER
RDNYTKAEEILSRSIVKRWANFAKYGNPNETQNNSTSWPVFKSTEQKYLTLNTESTRIMT
KLRAQQCRFWTSFFPKVLEMTGNIDEAEWEWKAGFHRWNNYMMDWKNQFNDYTSKKESCV
GL
Number of residues602
Molecular Weight68417.575
Theoretical pI7.47
GO Classification
Functions
  • beta-amyloid binding
  • choline binding
  • cholinesterase activity
  • enzyme binding
  • identical protein binding
  • acetylcholinesterase activity
  • catalytic activity
Processes
  • acetylcholine catabolic process
  • response to drug
  • response to alkaloid
  • negative regulation of synaptic transmission
  • synaptic transmission
  • choline metabolic process
  • cocaine metabolic process
  • neuroblast differentiation
  • cellular protein metabolic process
  • negative regulation of cell proliferation
  • response to glucocorticoid
  • learning
  • response to folic acid
Components
  • membrane
  • extracellular region
  • endoplasmic reticulum lumen
  • blood microparticle
  • nuclear envelope lumen
General FunctionIdentical protein binding
Specific FunctionEsterase with broad substrate specificity. Contributes to the inactivation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Can degrade neurotoxic organophosphate esters.
Pfam Domain Function
Transmembrane RegionsNot Available
GenBank Protein ID1311630
UniProtKB IDP06276
UniProtKB Entry NameCHLE_HUMAN
Cellular LocationSecreted
Gene sequence
>lcl|BSEQ0016707|Cholinesterase (BCHE)
ATGCATAGCAAAGTCACAATCATATGCATCAGATTTCTCTTTTGGTTTCTTTTGCTCTGC
ATGCTTATTGGGAAGTCACATACTGAAGATGACATCATAATTGCAACAAAGAATGGAAAA
GTCAGAGGGATGAACTTGACAGTTTTTGGTGGCACGGTAACAGCCTTTCTTGGAATTCCC
TATGCACAGCCACCTCTTGGTAGACTTCGATTCAAAAAGCCACAGTCTCTGACCAAGTGG
TCTGATATTTGGAATGCCACAAAATATGCAAATTCTTGCTGTCAGAACATAGATCAAAGT
TTTCCAGGCTTCCATGGATCAGAGATGTGGAACCCAAACACTGACCTCAGTGAAGACTGT
TTATATCTAAATGTATGGATTCCAGCACCTAAACCAAAAAATGCCACTGTATTGATATGG
ATTTATGGTGGTGGTTTTCAAACTGGAACATCATCTTTACATGTTTATGATGGCAAGTTT
CTGGCTCGGGTTGAAAGAGTTATTGTAGTGTCAATGAACTATAGGGTGGGTGCCCTAGGA
TTCTTAGCTTTGCCAGGAAATCCTGAGGCTCCAGGGAACATGGGTTTATTTGATCAACAG
TTGGCTCTTCAGTGGGTTCAAAAAAATATAGCAGCCTTTGGTGGAAATCCTAAAAGTGTA
ACTCTCTTTGGAGAAAGTGCAGGAGCAGCTTCAGTTAGCCTGCATTTGCTTTCTCCTGGA
AGCCATTCATTGTTCACCAGAGCCATTCTGCAAAGTGGATCCTTTAATGCTCCTTGGGCG
GTAACATCTCTTTATGAAGCTAGGAACAGAACGTTGAACTTAGCTAAATTGACTGGTTGC
TCTAGAGAGAATGAGACTGAAATAATCAAGTGTCTTAGAAATAAAGATCCCCAAGAAATT
CTTCTGAATGAAGCATTTGTTGTCCCCTATGGGACTCCTTTGTCAGTAAACTTTGGTCCG
ACCGTGGATGGTGATTTTCTCACTGACATGCCAGACATATTACTTGAACTTGGACAATTT
AAAAAAACCCAGATTTTGGTGGGTGTTAATAAAGATGAAGGGACAGCTTTTTTAGTCTAT
GGTGCTCCTGGCTTCAGCAAAGATAACAATAGTATCATAACTAGAAAAGAATTTCAGGAA
GGTTTAAAAATATTTTTTCCAGGAGTGAGTGAGTTTGGAAAGGAATCCATCCTTTTTCAT
TACACAGACTGGGTAGATGATCAGAGACCTGAAAACTACCGTGAGGCCTTGGGTGATGTT
GTTGGGGATTATAATTTCATATGCCCTGCCTTGGAGTTCACCAAGAAGTTCTCAGAATGG
GGAAATAATGCCTTTTTCTACTATTTTGAACACCGATCCTCCAAACTTCCGTGGCCAGAA
TGGATGGGAGTGATGCATGGCTATGAAATTGAATTTGTCTTTGGTTTACCTCTGGAAAGA
AGAGATAATTACACAAAAGCCGAGGAAATTTTGAGTAGATCCATAGTGAAACGGTGGGCA
AATTTTGCAAAATATGGGAATCCAAATGAGACTCAGAACAATAGCACAAGCTGGCCTGTC
TTCAAAAGCACTGAACAAAAATATCTAACCTTGAATACAGAGTCAACAAGAATAATGACG
AAACTACGTGCTCAACAATGTCGATTCTGGACATCATTTTTTCCAAAAGTCTTGGAAATG
ACAGGAAATATTGATGAAGCAGAATGGGAGTGGAAAGCAGGATTCCATCGCTGGAACAAT
TACATGATGGACTGGAAAAATCAATTTAACGATTACACTAGCAAGAAAGAAAGTTGTGTG
GGTCTCTAA
GenBank Gene IDM32391
GeneCard IDNot Available
GenAtlas IDBCHE
HGNC IDHGNC:983
Chromosome Location3
Locus3q26.1-q26.2
References
  1. Prody CA, Zevin-Sonkin D, Gnatt A, Goldberg O, Soreq H: Isolation and characterization of full-length cDNA clones coding for cholinesterase from fetal human tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Jun;84(11):3555-9. 3035536
  2. McTiernan C, Adkins S, Chatonnet A, Vaughan TA, Bartels CF, Kott M, Rosenberry TL, La Du BN, Lockridge O: Brain cDNA clone for human cholinesterase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Oct;84(19):6682-6. 3477799
  3. Arpagaus M, Kott M, Vatsis KP, Bartels CF, La Du BN, Lockridge O: Structure of the gene for human butyrylcholinesterase. Evidence for a single copy. Biochemistry. 1990 Jan 9;29(1):124-31. 2322535
  4. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H, Nagai K, Kimura K, Makita H, Sekine M, Obayashi M, Nishi T, Shibahara T, Tanaka T, Ishii S, Yamamoto J, Saito K, Kawai Y, Isono Y, Nakamura Y, Nagahari K, Murakami K, Yasuda T, Iwayanagi T, Wagatsuma M, Shiratori A, Sudo H, Hosoiri T, Kaku Y, Kodaira H, Kondo H, Sugawara M, Takahashi M, Kanda K, Yokoi T, Furuya T, Kikkawa E, Omura Y, Abe K, Kamihara K, Katsuta N, Sato K, Tanikawa M, Yamazaki M, Ninomiya K, Ishibashi T, Yamashita H, Murakawa K, Fujimori K, Tanai H, Kimata M, Watanabe M, Hiraoka S, Chiba Y, Ishida S, Ono Y, Takiguchi S, Watanabe S, Yosida M, Hotuta T, Kusano J, Kanehori K, Takahashi-Fujii A, Hara H, Tanase TO, Nomura Y, Togiya S, Komai F, Hara R, Takeuchi K, Arita M, Imose N, Musashino K, Yuuki H, Oshima A, Sasaki N, Aotsuka S, Yoshikawa Y, Matsunawa H, Ichihara T, Shiohata N, Sano S, Moriya S, Momiyama H, Satoh N, Takami S, Terashima Y, Suzuki O, Nakagawa S, Senoh A, Mizoguchi H, Goto Y, Shimizu F, Wakebe H, Hishigaki H, Watanabe T, Sugiyama A, Takemoto M, Kawakami B, Yamazaki M, Watanabe K, Kumagai A, Itakura S, Fukuzumi Y, Fujimori Y, Komiyama M, Tashiro H, Tanigami A, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Yamada K, Fujii Y, Ozaki K, Hirao M, Ohmori Y, Kawabata A, Hikiji T, Kobatake N, Inagaki H, Ikema Y, Okamoto S, Okitani R, Kawakami T, Noguchi S, Itoh T, Shigeta K, Senba T, Matsumura K, Nakajima Y, Mizuno T, Morinaga M, Sasaki M, Togashi T, Oyama M, Hata H, Watanabe M, Komatsu T, Mizushima-Sugano J, Satoh T, Shirai Y, Takahashi Y, Nakagawa K, Okumura K, Nagase T, Nomura N, Kikuchi H, Masuho Y, Yamashita R, Nakai K, Yada T, Nakamura Y, Ohara O, Isogai T, Sugano S: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nat Genet. 2004 Jan;36(1):40-5. Epub 2003 Dec 21. 14702039
  5. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. 15489334
  6. Lockridge O, Bartels CF, Vaughan TA, Wong CK, Norton SE, Johnson LL: Complete amino acid sequence of human serum cholinesterase. J Biol Chem. 1987 Jan 15;262(2):549-57. 3542989
  7. Weber A, Butterweck H, Mais-Paul U, Teschner W, Lei L, Muchitsch EM, Kolarich D, Altmann F, Ehrlich HJ, Schwarz HP: Biochemical, molecular and preclinical characterization of a double-virus-reduced human butyrylcholinesterase preparation designed for clinical use. Vox Sang. 2011 Apr;100(3):285-97. doi: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01415.x. Epub 2010 Oct 15. 20946535
  8. Lockridge O, Adkins S, La Du BN: Location of disulfide bonds within the sequence of human serum cholinesterase. J Biol Chem. 1987 Sep 25;262(27):12945-52. 3115973
  9. Bunkenborg J, Pilch BJ, Podtelejnikov AV, Wisniewski JR: Screening for N-glycosylated proteins by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Proteomics. 2004 Feb;4(2):454-65. 14760718
  10. Liu T, Qian WJ, Gritsenko MA, Camp DG 2nd, Monroe ME, Moore RJ, Smith RD: Human plasma N-glycoproteome analysis by immunoaffinity subtraction, hydrazide chemistry, and mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res. 2005 Nov-Dec;4(6):2070-80. 16335952
  11. Kolarich D, Weber A, Pabst M, Stadlmann J, Teschner W, Ehrlich H, Schwarz HP, Altmann F: Glycoproteomic characterization of butyrylcholinesterase from human plasma. Proteomics. 2008 Jan;8(2):254-63. doi: 10.1002/pmic.200700720. 18203274
  12. Chilukuri N, Duysen EG, Parikh K, diTargiani R, Doctor BP, Lockridge O, Saxena A: Adenovirus-transduced human butyrylcholinesterase in mouse blood functions as a bioscavenger of chemical warfare nerve agents. Mol Pharmacol. 2009 Sep;76(3):612-7. doi: 10.1124/mol.109.055665. Epub 2009 Jun 19. 19542320
  13. Chen R, Jiang X, Sun D, Han G, Wang F, Ye M, Wang L, Zou H: Glycoproteomics analysis of human liver tissue by combination of multiple enzyme digestion and hydrazide chemistry. J Proteome Res. 2009 Feb;8(2):651-61. doi: 10.1021/pr8008012. 19159218
  14. Jia W, Lu Z, Fu Y, Wang HP, Wang LH, Chi H, Yuan ZF, Zheng ZB, Song LN, Han HH, Liang YM, Wang JL, Cai Y, Zhang YK, Deng YL, Ying WT, He SM, Qian XH: A strategy for precise and large scale identification of core fucosylated glycoproteins. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2009 May;8(5):913-23. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M800504-MCP200. Epub 2009 Jan 12. 19139490
  15. Amitay M, Shurki A: The structure of G117H mutant of butyrylcholinesterase: nerve agents scavenger. Proteins. 2009 Nov 1;77(2):370-7. doi: 10.1002/prot.22442. 19452557
  16. Aryal UK, Lin CT, Kim JS, Heibeck TH, Wang J, Qian WJ, Lin Y: Identification of phosphorylated butyrylcholinesterase in human plasma using immunoaffinity purification and mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta. 2012 Apr 20;723:68-75. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.02.023. Epub 2012 Feb 19. 22444575
  17. Bian Y, Song C, Cheng K, Dong M, Wang F, Huang J, Sun D, Wang L, Ye M, Zou H: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome. J Proteomics. 2014 Jan 16;96:253-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014. Epub 2013 Nov 22. 24275569
  18. Delacour H, Lushchekina S, Mabboux I, Bousquet A, Ceppa F, Schopfer LM, Lockridge O, Masson P: Characterization of a novel BCHE "silent" allele: point mutation (p.Val204Asp) causes loss of activity and prolonged apnea with suxamethonium. PLoS One. 2014 Jul 23;9(7):e101552. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101552. eCollection 2014. 25054547
  19. Nicolet Y, Lockridge O, Masson P, Fontecilla-Camps JC, Nachon F: Crystal structure of human butyrylcholinesterase and of its complexes with substrate and products. J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 17;278(42):41141-7. Epub 2003 Jul 17. 12869558
  20. Nachon F, Asojo OA, Borgstahl GE, Masson P, Lockridge O: Role of water in aging of human butyrylcholinesterase inhibited by echothiophate: the crystal structure suggests two alternative mechanisms of aging. Biochemistry. 2005 Feb 1;44(4):1154-62. 15667209
  21. Ngamelue MN, Homma K, Lockridge O, Asojo OA: Crystallization and X-ray structure of full-length recombinant human butyrylcholinesterase. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2007 Sep 1;63(Pt 9):723-7. Epub 2007 Aug 10. 17768338
  22. Frasco MF, Colletier JP, Weik M, Carvalho F, Guilhermino L, Stojan J, Fournier D: Mechanisms of cholinesterase inhibition by inorganic mercury. FEBS J. 2007 Apr;274(7):1849-61. Epub 2007 Mar 12. 17355286
  23. Carletti E, Li H, Li B, Ekstrom F, Nicolet Y, Loiodice M, Gillon E, Froment MT, Lockridge O, Schopfer LM, Masson P, Nachon F: Aging of cholinesterases phosphylated by tabun proceeds through O-dealkylation. J Am Chem Soc. 2008 Nov 26;130(47):16011-20. doi: 10.1021/ja804941z. 18975951
  24. Carletti E, Aurbek N, Gillon E, Loiodice M, Nicolet Y, Fontecilla-Camps JC, Masson P, Thiermann H, Nachon F, Worek F: Structure-activity analysis of aging and reactivation of human butyrylcholinesterase inhibited by analogues of tabun. Biochem J. 2009 Jun 12;421(1):97-106. doi: 10.1042/BJ20090091. 19368529
  25. Nachon F, Carletti E, Ronco C, Trovaslet M, Nicolet Y, Jean L, Renard PY: Crystal structures of human cholinesterases in complex with huprine W and tacrine: elements of specificity for anti-Alzheimer's drugs targeting acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase. Biochem J. 2013 Aug 1;453(3):393-9. doi: 10.1042/BJ20130013. 23679855
  26. McGuire MC, Nogueira CP, Bartels CF, Lightstone H, Hajra A, Van der Spek AF, Lockridge O, La Du BN: Identification of the structural mutation responsible for the dibucaine-resistant (atypical) variant form of human serum cholinesterase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Feb;86(3):953-7. 2915989
  27. Bartels CF, James K, La Du BN: DNA mutations associated with the human butyrylcholinesterase J-variant. Am J Hum Genet. 1992 May;50(5):1104-14. 1349196
  28. Nogueira CP, Bartels CF, McGuire MC, Adkins S, Lubrano T, Rubinstein HM, Lightstone H, Van der Spek AF, Lockridge O, La Du BN: Identification of two different point mutations associated with the fluoride-resistant phenotype for human butyrylcholinesterase. Am J Hum Genet. 1992 Oct;51(4):821-8. 1415224
  29. Hada T, Muratani K, Ohue T, Imanishi H, Moriwaki Y, Itoh M, Amuro Y, Higashino K: A variant serum cholinesterase and a confirmed point mutation at Gly-365 to Arg found in a patient with liver cirrhosis. Intern Med. 1992 Mar;31(3):357-62. 1611188
  30. Jensen FS, Bartels CF, La Du BN: Structural basis of the butyrylcholinesterase H-variant segregating in two Danish families. Pharmacogenetics. 1992 Oct;2(5):234-40. 1306123
  31. Maekawa M, Sudo K, Kanno T, Kotani K, Dey DC, Ishikawa J, Izumi M, Etoh K: Genetic basis of the silent phenotype of serum butyrylcholinesterase in three compound heterozygotes. Clin Chim Acta. 1995 Feb 28;235(1):41-57. 7634491
  32. Iida S, Kinoshita M, Fujii H, Moriyama Y, Nakamura Y, Yura N, Moriwaki K: Mutations of human butyrylcholinesterase gene in a family with hypocholinesterasemia. Hum Mutat. 1995;6(4):349-51. 8680411
  33. Primo-Parmo SL, Bartels CF, Wiersema B, van der Spek AF, Innis JW, La Du BN: Characterization of 12 silent alleles of the human butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE) gene. Am J Hum Genet. 1996 Jan;58(1):52-64. 8554068
  34. Hidaka K, Iuchi I, Tomita M, Watanabe Y, Minatogawa Y, Iwasaki K, Gotoh K, Shimizu C: Genetic analysis of a Japanese patient with butyrylcholinesterase deficiency. Ann Hum Genet. 1997 Nov;61(Pt 6):491-6. 9543549
  35. Sudo K, Maekawa M, Akizuki S, Magara T, Ogasawara H, Tanaka T: Human butyrylcholinesterase L330I mutation belongs to a fluoride-resistant gene, by expression in human fetal kidney cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997 Nov 17;240(2):372-5. 9388484
  36. Maekawa M, Sudo K, Dey DC, Ishikawa J, Izumi M, Kotani K, Kanno T: Genetic mutations of butyrylcholine esterase identified from phenotypic abnormalities in Japan. Clin Chem. 1997 Jun;43(6 Pt 1):924-9. 9191541
  37. Primo-Parmo SL, Lightstone H, La Du BN: Characterization of an unstable variant (BChE115D) of human butyrylcholinesterase. Pharmacogenetics. 1997 Feb;7(1):27-34. 9110359
  38. Sakamoto N, Hidaka K, Fujisawa T, Maeda M, Iuchi I: Identification of a point mutation associated with a silent phenotype of human serum butyrylcholinesterase--a case of familial cholinesterasemia. Clin Chim Acta. 1998 Jun 22;274(2):159-66. 9694584
  39. Asanuma K, Yagihashi A, Uehara N, Kida T, Watanabe N: Three point mutations of human butyrylcholinesterase in a Japanese family and the alterations of three-dimensional structure. Clin Chim Acta. 1999 May;283(1-2):33-42. 10404729
  40. Boeck AT, Fry DL, Sastre A, Lockridge O: Naturally occurring mutation, Asp70his, in human butyrylcholinesterase. Ann Clin Biochem. 2002 Mar;39(Pt 2):154-6. 11928765
  41. Yen T, Nightingale BN, Burns JC, Sullivan DR, Stewart PM: Butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE) genotyping for post-succinylcholine apnea in an Australian population. Clin Chem. 2003 Aug;49(8):1297-308. 12881446
  42. On-Kei Chan A, Lam CW, Tong SF, Man Tung C, Yung K, Chan YW, Au KM, Yuen YP, Hung CT, Ng KP, Shek CC: Novel mutations in the BCHE gene in patients with no butyrylcholinesterase activity. Clin Chim Acta. 2005 Jan;351(1-2):155-9. 15563885
  43. Souza RL, Mikami LR, Maegawa RO, Chautard-Freire-Maia EA: Four new mutations in the BCHE gene of human butyrylcholinesterase in a Brazilian blood donor sample. Mol Genet Metab. 2005 Apr;84(4):349-53. Epub 2005 Jan 24. 15781196
  44. Manoharan I, Wieseler S, Layer PG, Lockridge O, Boopathy R: Naturally occurring mutation Leu307Pro of human butyrylcholinesterase in the Vysya community of India. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2006 Jul;16(7):461-8. 16788378
  45. Mikami LR, Wieseler S, Souza RL, Schopfer LM, Lockridge O, Chautard-Freire-Maia EA: Expression of three naturally occurring genetic variants (G75R, E90D, I99M) of the BCHE gene of human butyrylcholinesterase. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2007 Sep;17(9):681-5. 17700357
  46. Gatke MR, Bundgaard JR, Viby-Mogensen J: Two novel mutations in the BCHE gene in patients with prolonged duration of action of mivacurium or succinylcholine during anaesthesia. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2007 Nov;17(11):995-9. 18075469
  47. Mikami LR, Wieseler S, Souza RL, Schopfer LM, Nachon F, Lockridge O, Chautard-Freire-Maia EA: Five new naturally occurring mutations of the BCHE gene and frequencies of 12 butyrylcholinesterase alleles in a Brazilian population. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2008 Mar;18(3):213-8. doi: 10.1097/FPC.0b013e3282f5107e. 18300943
  48. Delacour H, Lushchekina S, Mabboux I, Ceppa F, Masson P, Schopfer LM, Lockridge O: Characterization of a novel butyrylcholinesterase point mutation (p.Ala34Val), "silent" with mivacurium. Biochem Pharmacol. 2014 Dec 1;92(3):476-83. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.09.014. Epub 2014 Sep 28. 25264279