NameSerine/threonine-protein kinase ATR
Synonyms
  • 2.7.11.1
  • Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein
  • FRAP-related protein 1
  • FRP1
Gene NameATR
OrganismHuman
Amino acid sequence
>lcl|BSEQ0009810|Serine/threonine-protein kinase ATR
MGEHGLELASMIPALRELGSATPEEYNTVVQKPRQILCQFIDRILTDVNVVAVELVKKTD
SQPTSVMLLDFIQHIMKSSPLMFVNVSGSHEAKGSCIEFSNWIITRLLRIAATPSCHLLH
KKICEVICSLLFLFKSKSPAIFGVLTKELLQLFEDLVYLHRRNVMGHAVEWPVVMSRFLS
QLDEHMGYLQSAPLQLMSMQNLEFIEVTLLMVLTRIIAIVFFRRQELLLWQIGCVLLEYG
SPKIKSLAISFLTELFQLGGLPAQPASTFFSSFLELLKHLVEMDTDQLKLYEEPLSKLIK
TLFPFEAEAYRNIEPVYLNMLLEKLCVMFEDGVLMRLKSDLLKAALCHLLQYFLKFVPAG
YESALQVRKVYVRNICKALLDVLGIEVDAEYLLGPLYAALKMESMEIIEEIQCQTQQENL
SSNSDGISPKRRRLSSSLNPSKRAPKQTEEIKHVDMNQKSILWSALKQKAESLQISLEYS
GLKNPVIEMLEGIAVVLQLTALCTVHCSHQNMNCRTFKDCQHKSKKKPSVVITWMSLDFY
TKVLKSCRSLLESVQKLDLEATIDKVVKIYDALIYMQVNSSFEDHILEDLCGMLSLPWIY
SHSDDGCLKLTTFAANLLTLSCRISDSYSPQAQSRCVFLLTLFPRRIFLEWRTAVYNWAL
QSSHEVIRASCVSGFFILLQQQNSCNRVPKILIDKVKDDSDIVKKEFASILGQLVCTLHG
MFYLTSSLTEPFSEHGHVDLFCRNLKATSQHECSSSQLKASVCKPFLFLLKKKIPSPVKL
AFIDNLHHLCKHLDFREDETDVKAVLGTLLNLMEDPDKDVRVAFSGNIKHILESLDSEDG
FIKELFVLRMKEAYTHAQISRNNELKDTLILTTGDIGRAAKGDLVPFALLHLLHCLLSKS
ASVSGAAYTEIRALVAAKSVKLQSFFSQYKKPICQFLVESLHSSQMTALPNTPCQNADVR
KQDVAHQREMALNTLSEIANVFDFPDLNRFLTRTLQVLLPDLAAKASPAASALIRTLGKQ
LNVNRREILINNFKYIFSHLVCSCSKDELERALHYLKNETEIELGSLLRQDFQGLHNELL
LRIGEHYQQVFNGLSILASFASSDDPYQGPRDIISPELMADYLQPKLLGILAFFNMQLLS
SSVGIEDKKMALNSLMSLMKLMGPKHVSSVRVKMMTTLRTGLRFKDDFPELCCRAWDCFV
RCLDHACLGSLLSHVIVALLPLIHIQPKETAAIFHYLIIENRDAVQDFLHEIYFLPDHPE
LKKIKAVLQEYRKETSESTDLQTTLQLSMKAIQHENVDVRIHALTSLKETLYKNQEKLIK
YATDSETVEPIISQLVTVLLKGCQDANSQARLLCGECLGELGAIDPGRLDFSTTETQGKD
FTFVTGVEDSSFAYGLLMELTRAYLAYADNSRAQDSAAYAIQELLSIYDCREMETNGPGH
QLWRRFPEHVREILEPHLNTRYKSSQKSTDWSGVKKPIYLSKLGSNFAEWSASWAGYLIT
KVRHDLASKIFTCCSIMMKHDFKVTIYLLPHILVYVLLGCNQEDQQEVYAEIMAVLKHDD
QHTINTQDIASDLCQLSTQTVFSMLDHLTQWARHKFQALKAEKCPHSKSNRNKVDSMVST
VDYEDYQSVTRFLDLIPQDTLAVASFRSKAYTRAVMHFESFITEKKQNIQEHLGFLQKLY
AAMHEPDGVAGVSAIRKAEPSLKEQILEHESLGLLRDATACYDRAIQLEPDQIIHYHGVV
KSMLGLGQLSTVITQVNGVHANRSEWTDELNTYRVEAAWKLSQWDLVENYLAADGKSTTW
SVRLGQLLLSAKKRDITAFYDSLKLVRAEQIVPLSAASFERGSYQRGYEYIVRLHMLCEL
EHSIKPLFQHSPGDSSQEDSLNWVARLEMTQNSYRAKEPILALRRALLSLNKRPDYNEMV
GECWLQSARVARKAGHHQTAYNALLNAGESRLAELYVERAKWLWSKGDVHQALIVLQKGV
ELCFPENETPPEGKNMLIHGRAMLLVGRFMEETANFESNAIMKKYKDVTACLPEWEDGHF
YLAKYYDKLMPMVTDNKMEKQGDLIRYIVLHFGRSLQYGNQFIYQSMPRMLTLWLDYGTK
AYEWEKAGRSDRVQMRNDLGKINKVITEHTNYLAPYQFLTAFSQLISRICHSHDEVFVVL
MEIIAKVFLAYPQQAMWMMTAVSKSSYPMRVNRCKEILNKAIHMKKSLEKFVGDATRLTD
KLLELCNKPVDGSSSTLSMSTHFKMLKKLVEEATFSEILIPLQSVMIPTLPSILGTHANH
ASHEPFPGHWAYIAGFDDMVEILASLQKPKKISLKGSDGKFYIMMCKPKDDLRKDCRLME
FNSLINKCLRKDAESRRRELHIRTYAVIPLNDECGIIEWVNNTAGLRPILTKLYKEKGVY
MTGKELRQCMLPKSAALSEKLKVFREFLLPRHPPIFHEWFLRTFPDPTSWYSSRSAYCRS
TAVMSMVGYILGLGDRHGENILFDSLTGECVHVDFNCLFNKGETFEVPEIVPFRLTHNMV
NGMGPMGTEGLFRRACEVTMRLMRDQREPLMSVLKTFLHDPLVEWSKPVKGHSKAPLNET
GEVVNEKAKTHVLDIEQRLQGVIKTRNRVTGLPLSIEGHVHYLIQEATDENLLCQMYLGW
TPYM
Number of residues2644
Molecular Weight301363.675
Theoretical pINot Available
GO Classification
Functions
  • protein kinase activity
  • protein serine/threonine kinase activity
  • DNA binding
  • protein dimerization activity
  • MutLalpha complex binding
  • MutSalpha complex binding
  • ATP binding
Processes
  • peptidyl-serine phosphorylation
  • cellular response to heat
  • regulation of cellular response to heat
  • DNA replication
  • DNA damage checkpoint
  • response to drug
  • replicative senescence
  • DNA repair
  • negative regulation of DNA replication
  • cellular response to UV
  • cell cycle
  • cellular response to gamma radiation
  • positive regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator
  • cellular response to DNA damage stimulus
  • interstrand cross-link repair
  • double-strand break repair
  • regulation of protein binding
  • double-strand break repair via homologous recombination
  • multicellular organismal development
  • protein autophosphorylation
Components
  • PML body
  • chromosome
  • Golgi apparatus
  • nucleoplasm
  • XY body
General FunctionProtein serine/threonine kinase activity
Specific FunctionSerine/threonine protein kinase which activates checkpoint signaling upon genotoxic stresses such as ionizing radiation (IR), ultraviolet light (UV), or DNA replication stalling, thereby acting as a DNA damage sensor. Recognizes the substrate consensus sequence [ST]-Q. Phosphorylates BRCA1, CHEK1, MCM2, RAD17, RPA2, SMC1 and p53/TP53, which collectively inhibit DNA replication and mitosis and promote DNA repair, recombination and apoptosis. Phosphorylates 'Ser-139' of histone variant H2AX/H2AFX at sites of DNA damage, thereby regulating DNA damage response mechanism. Required for FANCD2 ubiquitination. Critical for maintenance of fragile site stability and efficient regulation of centrosome duplication.
Pfam Domain Function
Transmembrane RegionsNot Available
GenBank Protein IDNot Available
UniProtKB IDQ13535
UniProtKB Entry NameATR_HUMAN
Cellular LocationNucleus
Gene sequence
>lcl|BSEQ0013928|Serine/threonine-protein kinase ATR (ATR)
ATGGGGGAACATGGCCTGGAGCTGGCTTCCATGATCCCCGCCCTGCGGGAGCTGGGCAGT
GCCACACCAGAGGAATATAATACAGTTGTACAGAAGCCAAGACAAATTCTGTGTCAATTC
ATTGACCGGATACTTACAGATGTAAATGTTGTTGCTGTAGAACTTGTAAAGAAAACTGAC
TCTCAGCCAACCTCCGTGATGTTGCTTGATTTCATCCAGCATATCATGAAATCCTCCCCA
CTTATGTTTGTAAATGTGAGTGGAAGCCATGAGGCCAAAGGCAGTTGTATTGAATTCAGT
AATTGGATCATAACGAGACTTCTGCGGATTGCAGCAACTCCCTCCTGTCATTTGTTACAC
AAGAAAATCTGTGAAGTCATCTGTTCATTATTATTTCTTTTTAAAAGCAAGAGTCCTGCT
ATTTTTGGGGTACTCACAAAAGAATTATTACAACTTTTTGAAGACTTGGTTTACCTCCAT
AGAAGAAATGTGATGGGTCATGCTGTGGAATGGCCAGTGGTCATGAGCCGATTTTTAAGT
CAATTAGATGAACACATGGGATATTTACAATCAGCTCCTTTGCAGTTGATGAGTATGCAA
AATTTAGAATTTATTGAAGTCACTTTATTAATGGTTCTTACTCGTATTATTGCAATTGTG
TTTTTTAGAAGGCAAGAACTCTTACTTTGGCAGATAGGTTGTGTTCTGCTAGAGTATGGT
AGTCCAAAAATTAAATCCCTAGCAATTAGCTTTTTAACAGAACTTTTTCAGCTTGGAGGA
CTACCAGCACAACCAGCTAGCACTTTTTTCAGCTCATTTTTGGAATTATTAAAACACCTT
GTAGAAATGGATACTGACCAATTGAAACTCTATGAAGAGCCATTATCAAAGCTGATAAAG
ACACTATTTCCCTTTGAAGCAGAAGCTTATAGAAATATTGAACCTGTCTATTTAAATATG
CTGCTGGAAAAACTCTGTGTCATGTTTGAAGACGGTGTGCTCATGCGGCTTAAGTCTGAT
TTGCTAAAAGCAGCTTTGTGCCATTTACTGCAGTATTTCCTTAAATTTGTGCCAGCTGGG
TATGAATCTGCTTTACAAGTCAGGAAGGTCTATGTGAGAAATATTTGTAAAGCTCTTTTG
GATGTGCTTGGAATTGAGGTAGATGCAGAGTACTTGTTGGGCCCACTTTATGCAGCTTTG
AAAATGGAAAGTATGGAAATCATTGAGGAGATTCAATGCCAAACTCAACAGGAAAACCTC
AGCAGTAATAGTGATGGAATATCACCCAAAAGGCGTCGTCTCAGCTCGTCTCTAAACCCT
TCTAAAAGAGCACCAAAACAGACTGAGGAAATTAAACATGTGGACATGAACCAAAAGAGC
ATATTATGGAGTGCACTGAAACAGAAAGCTGAATCCCTTCAGATTTCCCTTGAATACAGT
GGCCTAAAGAATCCTGTTATTGAGATGTTAGAAGGAATTGCTGTTGTCTTACAACTGACT
GCTCTGTGTACTGTTCATTGTTCTCATCAAAACATGAACTGCCGTACTTTCAAGGACTGT
CAACATAAATCCAAGAAGAAACCTTCTGTAGTGATAACTTGGATGTCATTGGATTTTTAC
ACAAAAGTGCTTAAGAGCTGTAGAAGTTTGTTAGAATCTGTTCAGAAACTGGACCTGGAG
GCAACCATTGATAAGGTGGTGAAAATTTATGATGCTTTGATTTATATGCAAGTAAACAGT
TCATTTGAAGATCATATCCTGGAAGATTTATGTGGTATGCTCTCACTTCCATGGATTTAT
TCCCATTCTGATGATGGCTGTTTAAAGTTGACCACATTTGCCGCTAATCTTCTAACATTA
AGCTGTAGGATTTCAGATAGCTATTCACCACAGGCACAATCACGATGTGTGTTTCTTCTG
ACTCTGTTTCCAAGAAGAATATTCCTTGAGTGGAGAACAGCAGTTTACAACTGGGCCCTG
CAGAGCTCCCATGAAGTAATCCGGGCTAGTTGTGTTAGTGGATTTTTTATCTTATTGCAG
CAGCAGAATTCTTGTAACAGAGTTCCCAAGATTCTTATAGATAAAGTCAAAGATGATTCT
GACATTGTCAAGAAAGAATTTGCTTCTATACTTGGTCAACTTGTCTGTACTCTTCACGGC
ATGTTTTATCTGACAAGTTCTTTAACAGAACCTTTCTCTGAACACGGACATGTGGACCTC
TTCTGTAGGAACTTGAAAGCCACTTCTCAACATGAATGTTCATCTTCTCAACTAAAAGCT
TCTGTCTGCAAGCCATTCCTTTTCCTACTGAAAAAAAAAATACCTAGTCCAGTAAAACTT
GCTTTCATAGATAATCTACATCATCTTTGTAAGCATCTTGATTTTAGAGAAGATGAAACA
GATGTAAAAGCAGTTCTTGGAACTTTATTAAATTTAATGGAAGATCCAGACAAAGATGTT
AGAGTGGCTTTTAGTGGAAATATCAAGCACATATTGGAATCCTTGGACTCTGAAGATGGA
TTTATAAAGGAGCTTTTTGTCTTAAGAATGAAGGAAGCATATACACATGCCCAAATATCA
AGAAATAATGAGCTGAAGGATACCTTGATTCTTACAACAGGGGATATTGGAAGGGCCGCA
AAAGGAGATTTGGTACCATTTGCACTCTTACACTTATTGCATTGTTTGTTATCCAAGTCA
GCATCTGTCTCTGGAGCAGCATACACAGAAATTAGAGCTCTGGTTGCAGCTAAAAGTGTT
AAACTGCAAAGTTTTTTCAGCCAGTATAAGAAACCCATCTGTCAGTTTTTGGTAGAATCC
CTTCACTCTAGTCAGATGACAGCACTTCCGAATACTCCATGCCAGAATGCTGACGTGCGA
AAACAAGATGTGGCTCACCAGAGAGAAATGGCTTTAAATACGTTGTCTGAAATTGCCAAC
GTTTTCGACTTTCCTGATCTTAATCGTTTTCTTACTAGGACATTACAAGTTCTACTACCT
GATCTTGCTGCCAAAGCAAGCCCTGCAGCTTCTGCTCTCATTCGAACTTTAGGAAAACAA
TTAAATGTCAATCGTAGAGAGATTTTAATAAACAACTTCAAATATATTTTTTCTCATTTG
GTCTGTTCTTGTTCCAAAGATGAATTAGAACGTGCCCTTCATTATCTGAAGAATGAAACA
GAAATTGAACTGGGGAGCCTGTTGAGACAAGATTTCCAAGGATTGCATAATGAATTATTG
CTGCGTATTGGAGAACACTATCAACAGGTTTTTAATGGTTTGTCAATACTTGCCTCATTT
GCATCCAGTGATGATCCATATCAGGGCCCGAGAGATATCATATCACCTGAACTGATGGCT
GATTATTTACAACCCAAATTGTTGGGCATTTTGGCTTTTTTTAACATGCAGTTACTGAGC
TCTAGTGTTGGCATTGAAGATAAGAAAATGGCCTTGAACAGTTTGATGTCTTTGATGAAG
TTAATGGGACCCAAACATGTCAGTTCTGTGAGGGTGAAGATGATGACCACACTGAGAACT
GGCCTTCGATTCAAGGATGATTTTCCTGAATTGTGTTGCAGAGCTTGGGACTGCTTTGTT
CGCTGCCTGGATCATGCTTGTCTGGGCTCCCTTCTCAGTCATGTAATAGTAGCTTTGTTA
CCTCTTATACACATCCAGCCTAAAGAAACTGCAGCTATCTTCCACTACCTCATAATTGAA
AACAGGGATGCTGTGCAAGATTTTCTTCATGAAATATATTTTTTACCTGATCATCCAGAA
TTAAAAAAGATAAAAGCCGTTCTCCAGGAATACAGAAAGGAGACCTCTGAGAGCACTGAT
CTTCAGACAACTCTTCAGCTCTCTATGAAGGCCATTCAACATGAAAATGTCGATGTTCGT
ATTCATGCTCTTACAAGCTTGAAGGAAACCTTGTATAAAAATCAGGAAAAACTGATAAAG
TATGCAACAGACAGTGAAACAGTAGAACCTATTATCTCACAGTTGGTGACAGTGCTTTTG
AAAGGTTGCCAAGATGCAAACTCTCAAGCTCGGTTGCTCTGTGGGGAATGTTTAGGGGAA
TTGGGGGCGATAGATCCAGGTCGATTAGATTTCTCAACAACTGAAACTCAAGGAAAAGAT
TTTACATTTGTGACTGGAGTAGAAGATTCAAGCTTTGCCTATGGATTATTGATGGAGCTA
ACAAGAGCTTACCTTGCGTATGCTGATAATAGCCGAGCTCAAGATTCAGCTGCCTATGCC
ATTCAGGAGTTGCTTTCTATTTATGACTGTAGAGAGATGGAGACCAACGGCCCAGGTCAC
CAATTGTGGAGGAGATTTCCTGAGCATGTTCGGGAAATACTAGAACCTCATCTAAATACC
AGATACAAGAGTTCTCAGAAGTCAACCGATTGGTCTGGAGTAAAGAAGCCAATTTACTTA
AGTAAATTGGGTAGTAACTTTGCAGAATGGTCAGCATCTTGGGCAGGTTATCTTATTACA
AAGGTTCGACATGATCTTGCCAGTAAAATTTTCACCTGCTGTAGCATTATGATGAAGCAT
GATTTCAAAGTGACCATCTATCTTCTTCCACATATTCTGGTGTATGTCTTACTGGGTTGT
AATCAAGAAGATCAGCAGGAGGTTTATGCAGAAATTATGGCAGTTCTAAAGCATGACGAT
CAGCATACCATAAATACCCAAGACATTGCATCTGATCTGTGTCAACTCAGTACACAGACT
GTGTTCTCCATGCTTGACCATCTCACACAGTGGGCAAGGCACAAATTTCAGGCACTGAAA
GCTGAGAAATGTCCACACAGCAAATCAAACAGAAATAAGGTAGACTCAATGGTATCTACT
GTGGATTATGAAGACTATCAGAGTGTAACCCGTTTTCTAGACCTCATACCCCAGGATACT
CTGGCAGTAGCTTCCTTTCGCTCCAAAGCATACACACGAGCTGTAATGCACTTTGAATCA
TTTATTACAGAAAAGAAGCAAAATATTCAGGAACATCTTGGATTTTTACAGAAATTGTAT
GCTGCTATGCATGAACCTGATGGAGTGGCCGGAGTCAGTGCAATTAGAAAGGCAGAACCA
TCTCTAAAAGAACAGATCCTTGAACATGAAAGCCTTGGCTTGCTGAGGGATGCCACTGCT
TGTTATGACAGGGCTATTCAGCTAGAACCAGACCAGATCATTCATTATCATGGTGTAGTA
AAGTCCATGTTAGGTCTTGGTCAGCTGTCTACTGTTATCACTCAGGTGAATGGAGTGCAT
GCTAACAGGTCCGAGTGGACAGATGAATTAAACACGTACAGAGTGGAAGCAGCTTGGAAA
TTGTCACAGTGGGATTTGGTGGAAAACTATTTGGCAGCAGATGGAAAATCTACAACATGG
AGTGTCAGACTGGGACAGCTATTATTATCAGCCAAAAAAAGAGATATCACAGCTTTTTAT
GACTCACTGAAACTAGTGAGAGCAGAACAAATTGTACCTCTTTCAGCTGCAAGCTTTGAA
AGAGGCTCCTACCAACGAGGATATGAATATATTGTGAGATTGCACATGTTATGTGAGTTG
GAGCATAGCATCAAACCACTTTTCCAGCATTCTCCAGGTGACAGTTCTCAAGAAGATTCT
CTAAACTGGGTAGCTCGACTAGAAATGACCCAGAATTCCTACAGAGCCAAGGAGCCTATC
CTGGCTCTCCGGAGGGCTTTACTAAGCCTCAACAAAAGACCAGATTACAATGAAATGGTT
GGAGAATGCTGGCTGCAGAGTGCCAGGGTAGCTAGAAAGGCTGGTCACCACCAGACAGCC
TACAATGCTCTCCTTAATGCAGGGGAATCACGACTCGCTGAACTGTACGTGGAAAGGGCA
AAGTGGCTCTGGTCCAAGGGTGATGTTCACCAGGCACTAATTGTTCTTCAAAAAGGTGTT
GAATTATGTTTTCCTGAAAATGAAACCCCACCTGAGGGTAAGAACATGTTAATCCATGGT
CGAGCTATGCTACTAGTGGGCCGATTTATGGAAGAAACAGCTAACTTTGAAAGCAATGCA
ATTATGAAAAAATATAAGGATGTGACCGCGTGCCTGCCAGAATGGGAGGATGGGCATTTT
TACCTTGCCAAGTACTATGACAAATTGATGCCCATGGTCACAGACAACAAAATGGAAAAG
CAAGGTGATCTCATCCGGTATATAGTTCTTCATTTTGGCAGATCTCTACAATATGGAAAT
CAGTTCATATATCAGTCAATGCCACGAATGTTAACTCTATGGCTTGATTATGGTACAAAG
GCATATGAATGGGAAAAAGCTGGCCGCTCCGATCGTGTACAAATGAGGAATGATTTGGGT
AAAATAAACAAGGTTATCACAGAGCATACAAACTATTTAGCTCCATATCAATTTTTGACT
GCTTTTTCACAATTGATCTCTCGAATTTGTCATTCTCACGATGAAGTTTTTGTTGTCTTG
ATGGAAATAATAGCCAAAGTATTTCTAGCCTATCCTCAACAAGCAATGTGGATGATGACA
GCTGTGTCAAAGTCATCTTATCCCATGCGTGTGAACAGATGCAAGGAAATCCTCAATAAA
GCTATTCATATGAAAAAATCCTTAGAGAAGTTTGTTGGAGATGCAACTCGCCTAACAGAT
AAGCTTCTAGAATTGTGCAATAAACCGGTTGATGGAAGTAGTTCCACATTAAGCATGAGC
ACTCATTTTAAAATGCTTAAAAAGCTGGTAGAAGAAGCAACATTTAGTGAAATCCTCATT
CCTCTACAATCAGTCATGATACCTACACTTCCATCAATTCTGGGTACCCATGCTAACCAT
GCTAGCCATGAACCATTTCCTGGACATTGGGCCTATATTGCAGGGTTTGATGATATGGTG
GAAATTCTTGCTTCTCTTCAGAAACCAAAGAAGATTTCTTTAAAAGGCTCAGATGGAAAG
TTCTACATCATGATGTGTAAGCCAAAAGATGACCTGAGAAAGGATTGTAGACTAATGGAA
TTCAATTCCTTGATTAATAAGTGCTTAAGAAAAGATGCAGAGTCTCGTAGAAGAGAACTT
CATATTCGAACATATGCAGTTATTCCACTAAATGATGAATGTGGGATTATTGAATGGGTG
AACAACACTGCTGGTTTGAGACCTATTCTGACCAAACTATATAAAGAAAAGGGAGTGTAT
ATGACAGGAAAAGAACTTCGCCAGTGTATGCTACCAAAGTCAGCAGCTTTATCTGAAAAA
CTCAAAGTATTCCGAGAATTTCTCCTGCCCAGGCATCCTCCTATTTTTCATGAGTGGTTT
CTGAGAACATTCCCTGATCCTACATCATGGTACAGTAGTAGATCAGCTTACTGCCGTTCC
ACTGCAGTAATGTCAATGGTTGGTTATATTCTGGGGCTTGGAGACCGTCATGGTGAAAAT
ATTCTCTTTGATTCTTTGACTGGTGAATGCGTACATGTAGATTTCAATTGTCTTTTCAAT
AAGGGAGAAACCTTTGAAGTTCCAGAAATTGTGCCATTTCGCCTGACTCATAATATGGTT
AATGGAATGGGTCCTATGGGAACAGAGGGTCTTTTTCGAAGAGCATGTGAAGTTACAATG
AGGCTGATGCGTGATCAGCGAGAGCCTTTAATGAGTGTCTTAAAGACTTTTCTACATGAT
CCTCTTGTGGAATGGAGTAAACCAGTGAAAGGGCATTCCAAAGCGCCACTGAATGAAACT
GGAGAAGTTGTCAATGAAAAGGCCAAGACCCATGTTCTTGACATTGAGCAGCGACTACAA
GGTGTAATCAAGACTCGAAATAGAGTGACAGGACTGCCGTTATCTATTGAAGGACATGTG
CATTACCTTATACAGGAAGCTACTGATGAAAACTTACTATGCCAGATGTATCTTGGTTGG
ACTCCATATATGTGA
GenBank Gene IDNot Available
GeneCard IDNot Available
GenAtlas IDNot Available
HGNC IDHGNC:882
Chromosome Location3
LocusNot Available
References
  1. Bentley NJ, Holtzman DA, Flaggs G, Keegan KS, DeMaggio A, Ford JC, Hoekstra M, Carr AM: The Schizosaccharomyces pombe rad3 checkpoint gene. EMBO J. 1996 Dec 2;15(23):6641-51. 8978690
  2. Cimprich KA, Shin TB, Keith CT, Schreiber SL: cDNA cloning and gene mapping of a candidate human cell cycle checkpoint protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Apr 2;93(7):2850-5. 8610130
  3. Mannino JL, Kim W, Wernick M, Nguyen SV, Braquet R, Adamson AW, Den Z, Batzer MA, Collins CC, Brown KD: Evidence for alternate splicing within the mRNA transcript encoding the DNA damage response kinase ATR. Gene. 2001 Jul 11;272(1-2):35-43. 11470508
  4. Keegan KS, Holtzman DA, Plug AW, Christenson ER, Brainerd EE, Flaggs G, Bentley NJ, Taylor EM, Meyn MS, Moss SB, Carr AM, Ashley T, Hoekstra MF: The Atr and Atm protein kinases associate with different sites along meiotically pairing chromosomes. Genes Dev. 1996 Oct 1;10(19):2423-37. 8843195
  5. Sarkaria JN, Tibbetts RS, Busby EC, Kennedy AP, Hill DE, Abraham RT: Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase related kinases by the radiosensitizing agent wortmannin. Cancer Res. 1998 Oct 1;58(19):4375-82. 9766667
  6. Cliby WA, Roberts CJ, Cimprich KA, Stringer CM, Lamb JR, Schreiber SL, Friend SH: Overexpression of a kinase-inactive ATR protein causes sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents and defects in cell cycle checkpoints. EMBO J. 1998 Jan 2;17(1):159-69. 9427750
  7. Wright JA, Keegan KS, Herendeen DR, Bentley NJ, Carr AM, Hoekstra MF, Concannon P: Protein kinase mutants of human ATR increase sensitivity to UV and ionizing radiation and abrogate cell cycle checkpoint control. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Jun 23;95(13):7445-50. 9636169
  8. Schmidt DR, Schreiber SL: Molecular association between ATR and two components of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylating complex, HDAC2 and CHD4. Biochemistry. 1999 Nov 2;38(44):14711-7. 10545197
  9. Tibbetts RS, Brumbaugh KM, Williams JM, Sarkaria JN, Cliby WA, Shieh SY, Taya Y, Prives C, Abraham RT: A role for ATR in the DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of p53. Genes Dev. 1999 Jan 15;13(2):152-7. 9925639
  10. Kim ST, Lim DS, Canman CE, Kastan MB: Substrate specificities and identification of putative substrates of ATM kinase family members. J Biol Chem. 1999 Dec 31;274(53):37538-43. 10608806
  11. Hall-Jackson CA, Cross DA, Morrice N, Smythe C: ATR is a caffeine-sensitive, DNA-activated protein kinase with a substrate specificity distinct from DNA-PK. Oncogene. 1999 Nov 18;18(48):6707-13. 10597277
  12. Liu Q, Guntuku S, Cui XS, Matsuoka S, Cortez D, Tamai K, Luo G, Carattini-Rivera S, DeMayo F, Bradley A, Donehower LA, Elledge SJ: Chk1 is an essential kinase that is regulated by Atr and required for the G(2)/M DNA damage checkpoint. Genes Dev. 2000 Jun 15;14(12):1448-59. 10859164
  13. Tibbetts RS, Cortez D, Brumbaugh KM, Scully R, Livingston D, Elledge SJ, Abraham RT: Functional interactions between BRCA1 and the checkpoint kinase ATR during genotoxic stress. Genes Dev. 2000 Dec 1;14(23):2989-3002. 11114888
  14. Ward IM, Chen J: Histone H2AX is phosphorylated in an ATR-dependent manner in response to replicational stress. J Biol Chem. 2001 Dec 21;276(51):47759-62. Epub 2001 Oct 22. 11673449
  15. Bao S, Tibbetts RS, Brumbaugh KM, Fang Y, Richardson DA, Ali A, Chen SM, Abraham RT, Wang XF: ATR/ATM-mediated phosphorylation of human Rad17 is required for genotoxic stress responses. Nature. 2001 Jun 21;411(6840):969-74. 11418864
  16. Cortez D, Guntuku S, Qin J, Elledge SJ: ATR and ATRIP: partners in checkpoint signaling. Science. 2001 Nov 23;294(5547):1713-6. 11721054
  17. Casper AM, Nghiem P, Arlt MF, Glover TW: ATR regulates fragile site stability. Cell. 2002 Dec 13;111(6):779-89. 12526805
  18. Hammond EM, Denko NC, Dorie MJ, Abraham RT, Giaccia AJ: Hypoxia links ATR and p53 through replication arrest. Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Mar;22(6):1834-43. 11865061
  19. Unsal-Kacmaz K, Makhov AM, Griffith JD, Sancar A: Preferential binding of ATR protein to UV-damaged DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 May 14;99(10):6673-8. 12011431
  20. Barr SM, Leung CG, Chang EE, Cimprich KA: ATR kinase activity regulates the intranuclear translocation of ATR and RPA following ionizing radiation. Curr Biol. 2003 Jun 17;13(12):1047-51. 12814551
  21. Chini CC, Chen J: Human claspin is required for replication checkpoint control. J Biol Chem. 2003 Aug 8;278(32):30057-62. Epub 2003 May 24. 12766152
  22. Wang Y, Qin J: MSH2 and ATR form a signaling module and regulate two branches of the damage response to DNA methylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Dec 23;100(26):15387-92. Epub 2003 Dec 3. 14657349
  23. Zou L, Elledge SJ: Sensing DNA damage through ATRIP recognition of RPA-ssDNA complexes. Science. 2003 Jun 6;300(5625):1542-8. 12791985
  24. Dierov J, Dierova R, Carroll M: BCR/ABL translocates to the nucleus and disrupts an ATR-dependent intra-S phase checkpoint. Cancer Cell. 2004 Mar;5(3):275-85. 15050919
  25. Ward IM, Minn K, Chen J: UV-induced ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) activation requires replication stress. J Biol Chem. 2004 Mar 12;279(11):9677-80. Epub 2004 Jan 23. 14742437
  26. Dart DA, Adams KE, Akerman I, Lakin ND: Recruitment of the cell cycle checkpoint kinase ATR to chromatin during S-phase. J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 16;279(16):16433-40. Epub 2004 Feb 9. 14871897
  27. Andreassen PR, D'Andrea AD, Taniguchi T: ATR couples FANCD2 monoubiquitination to the DNA-damage response. Genes Dev. 2004 Aug 15;18(16):1958-63. 15314022
  28. Alderton GK, Joenje H, Varon R, Borglum AD, Jeggo PA, O'Driscoll M: Seckel syndrome exhibits cellular features demonstrating defects in the ATR-signalling pathway. Hum Mol Genet. 2004 Dec 15;13(24):3127-38. Epub 2004 Oct 20. 15496423
  29. Unsal-Kacmaz K, Sancar A: Quaternary structure of ATR and effects of ATRIP and replication protein A on its DNA binding and kinase activities. Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Feb;24(3):1292-300. 14729973
  30. Cortez D, Glick G, Elledge SJ: Minichromosome maintenance proteins are direct targets of the ATM and ATR checkpoint kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Jul 6;101(27):10078-83. Epub 2004 Jun 21. 15210935
  31. Park BJ, Kang JW, Lee SW, Choi SJ, Shin YK, Ahn YH, Choi YH, Choi D, Lee KS, Kim S: The haploinsufficient tumor suppressor p18 upregulates p53 via interactions with ATM/ATR. Cell. 2005 Jan 28;120(2):209-21. 15680327
  32. Falck J, Coates J, Jackson SP: Conserved modes of recruitment of ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs to sites of DNA damage. Nature. 2005 Mar 31;434(7033):605-11. Epub 2005 Mar 2. 15758953
  33. Sivasubramaniam S, Sun X, Pan YR, Wang S, Lee EY: Cep164 is a mediator protein required for the maintenance of genomic stability through modulation of MDC1, RPA, and CHK1. Genes Dev. 2008 Mar 1;22(5):587-600. doi: 10.1101/gad.1627708. Epub 2008 Feb 18. 18283122
  34. O'Driscoll M, Ruiz-Perez VL, Woods CG, Jeggo PA, Goodship JA: A splicing mutation affecting expression of ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) results in Seckel syndrome. Nat Genet. 2003 Apr;33(4):497-501. Epub 2003 Mar 17. 12640452
  35. Zhang J, Bao S, Furumai R, Kucera KS, Ali A, Dean NM, Wang XF: Protein phosphatase 5 is required for ATR-mediated checkpoint activation. Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Nov;25(22):9910-9. 16260606
  36. Daub H, Olsen JV, Bairlein M, Gnad F, Oppermann FS, Korner R, Greff Z, Keri G, Stemmann O, Mann M: Kinase-selective enrichment enables quantitative phosphoproteomics of the kinome across the cell cycle. Mol Cell. 2008 Aug 8;31(3):438-48. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.07.007. 18691976
  37. Dephoure N, Zhou C, Villen J, Beausoleil SA, Bakalarski CE, Elledge SJ, Gygi SP: A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 5;105(31):10762-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0805139105. Epub 2008 Jul 31. 18669648
  38. Gauci S, Helbig AO, Slijper M, Krijgsveld J, Heck AJ, Mohammed S: Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach. Anal Chem. 2009 Jun 1;81(11):4493-501. doi: 10.1021/ac9004309. 19413330
  39. Hurov KE, Cotta-Ramusino C, Elledge SJ: A genetic screen identifies the Triple T complex required for DNA damage signaling and ATM and ATR stability. Genes Dev. 2010 Sep 1;24(17):1939-50. doi: 10.1101/gad.1934210. 20810650
  40. Takai H, Xie Y, de Lange T, Pavletich NP: Tel2 structure and function in the Hsp90-dependent maturation of mTOR and ATR complexes. Genes Dev. 2010 Sep 15;24(18):2019-30. doi: 10.1101/gad.1956410. Epub 2010 Aug 27. 20801936
  41. Kaizuka T, Hara T, Oshiro N, Kikkawa U, Yonezawa K, Takehana K, Iemura S, Natsume T, Mizushima N: Tti1 and Tel2 are critical factors in mammalian target of rapamycin complex assembly. J Biol Chem. 2010 Jun 25;285(26):20109-16. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.121699. Epub 2010 Apr 28. 20427287
  42. Burkard TR, Planyavsky M, Kaupe I, Breitwieser FP, Burckstummer T, Bennett KL, Superti-Furga G, Colinge J: Initial characterization of the human central proteome. BMC Syst Biol. 2011 Jan 26;5:17. doi: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17. 21269460
  43. Kang Y, Cheong HM, Lee JH, Song PI, Lee KH, Kim SY, Jun JY, You HJ: Protein phosphatase 5 is necessary for ATR-mediated DNA repair. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011 Jan 7;404(1):476-81. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.12.005. Epub 2010 Dec 6. 21144835
  44. Rigbolt KT, Prokhorova TA, Akimov V, Henningsen J, Johansen PT, Kratchmarova I, Kassem M, Mann M, Olsen JV, Blagoev B: System-wide temporal characterization of the proteome and phosphoproteome of human embryonic stem cell differentiation. Sci Signal. 2011 Mar 15;4(164):rs3. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.2001570. 21406692
  45. Greenman C, Stephens P, Smith R, Dalgliesh GL, Hunter C, Bignell G, Davies H, Teague J, Butler A, Stevens C, Edkins S, O'Meara S, Vastrik I, Schmidt EE, Avis T, Barthorpe S, Bhamra G, Buck G, Choudhury B, Clements J, Cole J, Dicks E, Forbes S, Gray K, Halliday K, Harrison R, Hills K, Hinton J, Jenkinson A, Jones D, Menzies A, Mironenko T, Perry J, Raine K, Richardson D, Shepherd R, Small A, Tofts C, Varian J, Webb T, West S, Widaa S, Yates A, Cahill DP, Louis DN, Goldstraw P, Nicholson AG, Brasseur F, Looijenga L, Weber BL, Chiew YE, DeFazio A, Greaves MF, Green AR, Campbell P, Birney E, Easton DF, Chenevix-Trench G, Tan MH, Khoo SK, Teh BT, Yuen ST, Leung SY, Wooster R, Futreal PA, Stratton MR: Patterns of somatic mutation in human cancer genomes. Nature. 2007 Mar 8;446(7132):153-8. 17344846
  46. Tanaka A, Weinel S, Nagy N, O'Driscoll M, Lai-Cheong JE, Kulp-Shorten CL, Knable A, Carpenter G, Fisher SA, Hiragun M, Yanase Y, Hide M, Callen J, McGrath JA: Germline mutation in ATR in autosomal- dominant oropharyngeal cancer syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 2012 Mar 9;90(3):511-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.01.007. Epub 2012 Feb 16. 22341969