| Record Information |
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| Version | 2.0 |
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| Creation Date | 2009-07-03 22:18:57 UTC |
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| Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:25:36 UTC |
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| Accession Number | T3D2492 |
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| Identification |
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| Common Name | Holocyclotoxin |
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| Class | Protein |
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| Description | Holocyclotoxin or Holocyclotoxin I is a peptide toxin produced by the Australian paralysis tick (Ixodes holocyclus) (3). This tick has been responsible for 20 human fatalities from 1900 to 1945, and up to 100,000 domestic animal fatalities annually. The toxin has a novel 3D fold with three of its four disulfide bonds comprising an inhibitory cystine knot (ICK) motif. (2) |
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| Compound Type | - Amide
- Amine
- Animal Toxin
- Insect Toxin
- Natural Compound
- Organic Compound
- Protein
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| Protein Structure |  |
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| Synonyms | |
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| Chemical Formula | Not Available |
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| Average Molecular Mass | 7834.125 g/mol |
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| CAS Registry Number | 88254-04-0 |
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| Sequence | Not Available |
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| Chemical Taxonomy |
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| Description | Not Available |
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| Kingdom | Organic Compounds |
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| Super Class | Organic Acids |
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| Class | Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives |
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| Sub Class | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues |
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| Direct Parent | Peptides |
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| Alternative Parents | Not Available |
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| Substituents | Not Available |
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| Molecular Framework | Not Available |
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| External Descriptors | Not Available |
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| Biological Properties |
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| Status | Detected and Not Quantified |
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| Origin | Exogenous |
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| Cellular Locations | Not Available |
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| Biofluid Locations | Not Available |
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| Tissue Locations | Not Available |
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| Pathways | Not Available |
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| Applications | Not Available |
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| Biological Roles | Not Available |
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| Chemical Roles | Not Available |
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| Physical Properties |
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| State | Liquid |
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| Appearance | Clear solution. |
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| Experimental Properties | | Property | Value |
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| Melting Point | Not Available | | Boiling Point | Not Available | | Solubility | >10 mg/mL | | LogP | Not Available |
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| Predicted Properties | Not Available |
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| Spectra |
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| Spectra | | Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | Deposition Date | View |
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| Toxicity Profile |
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| Route of Exposure | Injection (sting/bite) (6) |
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| Mechanism of Toxicity | Holocyclotoxin produces paralysis by acting at the neuromuscular junction. (1) |
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| Metabolism | Free toxin may be removed by opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system (primarily the liver and kidneys) or it may be degraded through cellular internalization via the lysosomes. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of digestive enzymes, including several proteases. |
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| Toxicity Values | Not Available |
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| Lethal Dose | Not Available |
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| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
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| Uses/Sources | Holocyclotoxin is a peptide toxin produced by the tick (Ixodes holocyclus). (3) |
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| Minimum Risk Level | Not Available |
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| Health Effects | Holocyclotoxin is a neurotoxin that produces tick paralysis. (5) |
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| Symptoms | Tick paralysis causes symptoms within 2-7 days, beginning with weakness in both legs that progresses to paralysis. The paralysis ascends to trunk, arms, and head within hours and may lead to respiratory failure and death. The disease can present as acute ataxia without muscle weakness. (5) |
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| Treatment | Once the tick is removed, symptoms usually diminish rapidly. An antivenom also exists for tick poisoning. (4, 5) |
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| Normal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| Abnormal Concentrations |
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| Not Available |
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| External Links |
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| DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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| HMDB ID | Not Available |
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| PubChem Compound ID | Not Available |
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| ChEMBL ID | Not Available |
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| ChemSpider ID | Not Available |
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| KEGG ID | Not Available |
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| UniProt ID | Q5UB45 |
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| OMIM ID | |
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| ChEBI ID | Not Available |
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| BioCyc ID | Not Available |
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| CTD ID | Not Available |
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| Stitch ID | Not Available |
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| PDB ID | Not Available |
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| ACToR ID | Not Available |
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| Wikipedia Link | Not Available |
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| References |
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| Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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| MSDS | Not Available |
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| General References | - Grattan-Smith PJ, Morris JG, Johnston HM, Yiannikas C, Malik R, Russell R, Ouvrier RA: Clinical and neurophysiological features of tick paralysis. Brain. 1997 Nov;120 ( Pt 11):1975-87. [9397015 ]
- Vink S, Daly NL, Steen N, Craik DJ, Alewood PF: Holocyclotoxin-1, a cystine knot toxin from Ixodes holocyclus. Toxicon. 2014 Nov;90:308-17. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.08.068. Epub 2014 Aug 27. [25172536 ]
- The UniProt Consortium. The Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) Nucleic Acids Res. 2008;36:D190-D195.
- Wikipedia. Antivenom. Last Updated 1 July 2009. [Link]
- Wikipedia. Tick paralysis. Last Updated 3 June 2009. [Link]
- Wikipedia. Insect toxins. Last Updated 19 February 2009. [Link]
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| Gene Regulation |
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| Up-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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| Down-Regulated Genes | Not Available |
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