Nicotinic acid (T3D2841)

IdentificationTaxonomyBiological PropertiesPhysical PropertiesToxicity ProfileSpectraConcentrationsLinksReferencesGene RegulationTargets (4)XML
Targets (4)
Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2009-07-21 20:27:16 UTC
Update Date2014-12-24 20:25:52 UTC
Accession NumberT3D2841
Identification
Common NameNicotinic acid
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionNicotinic acid, also known as niacin or vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin whose derivatives such as NADH, NAD, NAD+, and NADP play essential roles in energy metabolism in the living cell and DNA repair. The designation vitamin B3 also includes the amide form, nicotinamide or niacinamide. Severe lack of niacin causes the deficiency disease pellagra, whereas a mild deficiency slows down the metabolism decreasing cold tolerance. The recommended daily allowance of niacin is 2-12 mg a day for children, 14 mg a day for women, 16 mg a day for men, and 18 mg a day for pregnant or breast-feeding women. It is found in various animal and plant tissues and has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. The liver can synthesize niacin from the essential amino acid tryptophan (see below), but the synthesis is extremely slow and requires vitamin B6; 60 mg of tryptophan are required to make one milligram of niacin. Bacteria in the gut may also perform the conversion but are inefficient.
Compound Type
  • Antilipemic Agent
  • Cosmetic Toxin
  • Drug
  • Ester
  • Food Toxin
  • Household Toxin
  • Hypolipidemic Agent
  • Metabolite
  • Natural Compound
  • Nutraceutical
  • Organic Compound
  • Vasodilator Agent
  • Vitamin B Complex
Chemical Structure
Thumb
MOLSDFPDBSMILESInChI
Synonyms
Synonym
3-Carboxylpyridine
3-Carboxypyridine
3-Pyridinecarboxylate
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid
3-Pyridylcarboxylate
3-Pyridylcarboxylic acid
Acide Nicotinique
Acido nicotinico
Acidum Nicotinicum
Akotin
Anti-pellagra vitamin
Apelagrin
beta-Pyridinecarboxylic acid
Daskil
Efacin
Enduracin
Linic
m-Pyridinecarboxylic acid
Niac
Niacin
Niacine
Niacor
Niaspan
Nicacid
Nicamin
Nicangin
Nico-Span
Nicobid
Nicocap
Nicodelmine
Nicolar
Niconacid
Nicosan 3
Nicotinate
Nicotinipca
Nicyl
Nikotinsaeure
Nyclin
P.P. factor
Pellagra preventive factor
Pellagrin
Pelonin
PP Factor
Pyridine-beta-carboxylic acid
pyridine-β-carboxylic acid
Slo-niacin
Vitamin B3
Wampocap
β-pyridinecarboxylic acid
Chemical FormulaC6H5NO2
Average Molecular Mass123.109 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass123.032 g/mol
CAS Registry Number59-67-6
IUPAC Namepyridine-3-carboxylic acid
Traditional Nameniacin
SMILESOC(=O)C1=CN=CC=C1
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C6H5NO2/c8-6(9)5-2-1-3-7-4-5/h1-4H,(H,8,9)
InChI KeyInChIKey=PVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyridinecarboxylic acids. Pyridinecarboxylic acids are compounds containing a pyridine ring bearing a carboxylic acid group.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganoheterocyclic compounds
ClassPyridines and derivatives
Sub ClassPyridinecarboxylic acids and derivatives
Direct ParentPyridinecarboxylic acids
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Pyridine carboxylic acid
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Azacycle
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginEndogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue Locations
  • Adipose Tissue
  • Fibroblasts
  • Intestine
  • Kidney
  • Liver
  • Most Tissues
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Skin
  • Stratum Corneum
Pathways
NameSMPDB LinkKEGG Link
Nicotinate and Nicotinamide MetabolismSMP00048 map00760
Applications
Biological Roles
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceWhite powder.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point236.6°C
Boiling PointNot Available
Solubility1.8E+004 mg/L (at 25°C)
LogP0.36
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility83.1 g/LALOGPS
logP0.29ALOGPS
logP-0.17ChemAxon
logS-0.17ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)2.79ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)4.19ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area50.19 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count1ChemAxon
Refractivity31.16 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability11.3 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings1ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (1 TMS)splash10-053i-0900000000-5daf0093df6c21c7279f2014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (1 TMS)splash10-053i-0900000000-f38b6609b45de8c745652014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)splash10-0540-0900000000-4f55c81a6cd42f1b961d2014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (1 TMS)splash10-057r-5900000000-00bf3662b5b9db533c0a2014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS)splash10-0569-2900000000-7820ea736b03b71d2cb82014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-0kmi-7900000000-9e4efda763cce5ddfe572017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-053i-0900000000-5daf0093df6c21c7279f2017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-053i-0900000000-f38b6609b45de8c745652017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0540-0900000000-4f55c81a6cd42f1b961d2017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-057r-5900000000-00bf3662b5b9db533c0a2017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-0569-2900000000-7820ea736b03b71d2cb82017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0540-0900000000-a701904fe6ded0abd98f2017-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-05i0-9700000000-d7620f1dc8f42d1498b92016-09-22View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-05fr-9600000000-c3303cf4e83870b3e6562017-10-06View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-00di-1900000000-27508608b33f1fb9f2212012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-003r-9100000000-a2037c9695659dceabd12012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0ufr-9100000000-4a2649a83ad2a40e51942012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI M-80) , Positivesplash10-0kmi-7900000000-1bc47d1b1850f54fb7c22012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negativesplash10-00di-1900000000-a352c5ce16d4b682b0522012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negativesplash10-004i-9000000000-ab23ecb032e387b40bd92012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negativesplash10-004i-9000000000-02e37a1cfd39470375792012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negativesplash10-004i-9000000000-75d7e6658d2d6eca736e2012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negativesplash10-0udi-9000000000-21a2d68d4f364c596f1d2012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positivesplash10-0ab9-0900000000-a74db528f61c435876c82012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Positivesplash10-00di-6900000000-773c08ab92ace4d48a9c2012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Positivesplash10-00aj-9100000000-07b12fbe942e6c7fb12d2012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Positivesplash10-005a-9000000000-66e0a5ba2ca8dbba1ed52012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Positivesplash10-004i-9000000000-fbf8ba47b56d7cc7be812012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positivesplash10-00di-0900000000-eaf82f6ab0befde118e92012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) 30V, Positivesplash10-00di-0900000000-eaf82f6ab0befde118e92012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negativesplash10-004i-9300000000-b1a48f694fba565108a12012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativesplash10-00di-1900000000-a352c5ce16d4b682b0522017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativesplash10-004i-9000000000-ab23ecb032e387b40bd92017-09-14View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-00di-0900000000-25068c42378f727569222016-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-00di-3900000000-6278a1e122005f48fcaf2016-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0ue9-9000000000-e4e41ed9bef32955889e2016-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-00di-4900000000-85d44ecd8ad348eeacd12016-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-004i-9300000000-4911305982583ae208952016-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-004i-9000000000-4dea4a2d4a55907605ea2016-09-12View Spectrum
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-0kor-8900000000-7d3f033a49f5fad75f332014-09-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2012-12-04View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, DMSO-d6, experimental)Not Available2014-09-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 22.53 MHz, DMSO-d6, experimental)Not Available2014-09-23View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, D2O, experimental)Not Available2016-10-22View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, D2O, experimental)Not Available2016-10-22View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 1H]-TOCSY. Unexported temporarily by An Chi on Oct 15, 2021 until json or nmrML file is generated. 2D NMR Spectrum (experimental)Not Available2012-12-04View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2012-12-05View Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureOral (34) ; Intramuscular (34). Both nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are efficiently absorbed from the stomach and small intestine.
Mechanism of ToxicityNiacin binds to Nicotinate D-ribonucleotide phyrophsopate phosphoribosyltransferase, Nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase, Nicotinate N-methyltransferase and the Niacin receptor. Niacin is the precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), which are vital cofactors for dozens of enzymes. The mechanism by which niacin exerts its lipid lowering effects is not entirely understood, but may involve several actions, including a decrease in esterification of hepatic triglycerides. Niacin treatment also decreases the serum levels of apolipoprotein B-100 (apo B), the major protein component of the VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein) and LDL fractions.
MetabolismNiacin is rapidly metabolized and undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver. The drug is converted to several metabolites, including nicotinuric acid (NUA), nicotinamide, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). At doses used to treat hyperlipoproteinemia, the principal metabolic pathways appear to be saturable, and niacin is thought to exhibit nonlinear, dose-dependent pharmacokinetics. (36) Half Life: 20-45 minutes.
Toxicity ValuesLD50: 7000 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (31) LD50: 730 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Rat) (31) LD50: 3500 mg/kg (Subcutaneous, Mouse) (31)
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Uses/SourcesFor the treatment of type IV and V hyperlipidemia. It is indicated as ajunctive therapy. It can be found in various foods, such as liver, chicken, beef, fish, cereal, peanuts and legumes. Niacin is also used as a pharmaceutical to reverse atherosclerosis. (14)
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsNiacin at extremely high doses can have life-threatening acute toxic reactions. Extremely high doses of niacin can also cause niacin maculopathy, a thickening of the macula and retina which leads to blurred vision and blindness. This maculopathy is reversible after stopping niacin intake. Side effects of hyperglycemia, cardiac arrhythmias and birth defects have also been reported. (14)
SymptomsNicotinic acid can cause vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels resulting in increased blood flow, principally in the face, neck and chest. This produces the niacin- or nicotinic acid-flush. The niacin-flush is thought to be mediated via the prostaglandin prostacyclin. Histamine may also play a role in the niacin-flush. Flushing is the adverse reaction first observed after intake of a large dose of nicotinic acid, and the most bothersome one.
TreatmentSupportive measures should be undertaken in the event of an overdose. (35)
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDDB00627
HMDB IDHMDB01488
PubChem Compound ID938
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL573
ChemSpider ID913
KEGG IDC00253
UniProt IDNot Available
OMIM ID100600 , 236800
ChEBI ID15940
BioCyc IDNIACINE
CTD IDNot Available
Stitch IDNiacin
PDB IDNIO
ACToR ID953
Wikipedia LinkNiacin
References
Synthesis Reference

Joseph E. Toomey, Jr., “Electrochemical synthesis of niacin and other N-heterocyclic compounds.” U.S. Patent US5002641, issued 1914.

MSDSLink
General References
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  33. Wikipedia. Niacin. Last Updated 16 December 2009.
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  36. Drugs.com [Link]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated Genes
GeneGene SymbolGene IDInteractionChromosomeDetails
Down-Regulated Genes
GeneGene SymbolGene IDInteractionChromosomeDetails

Targets

Target Details
1. Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2
General Function:
Nicotinic acid receptor activity
Specific Function:
Acts as a high affinity receptor for both nicotinic acid (also known as niacin) and (D)-beta-hydroxybutyrate and mediates increased adiponectin secretion and decreased lipolysis through G(i)-protein-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. This pharmacological effect requires nicotinic acid doses that are much higher than those provided by a normal diet. Mediates nicotinic acid-induced apoptosis in mature neutrophils. Receptor activation by nicotinic acid results in reduced cAMP levels which may affect activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A and phosphorylation of target proteins, leading to neutrophil apoptosis. The rank order of potency for the displacement of nicotinic acid binding is 5-methyl pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid = pyridine-3-acetic acid > acifran > 5-methyl nicotinic acid = acipimox >> nicotinuric acid = nicotinamide.
Gene Name:
HCAR2
Uniprot ID:
Q8TDS4
Molecular Weight:
41849.08 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
Inhibitory0.05 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 23515
Inhibitory0.082 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 23515
Inhibitory0.104 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 23515
IC500.13 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 23515
IC500.14 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 23515
IC500.15 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 23515
IC5067.3 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 23515
References
  1. Zhang Y, Schmidt RJ, Foxworthy P, Emkey R, Oler JK, Large TH, Wang H, Su EW, Mosior MK, Eacho PI, Cao G: Niacin mediates lipolysis in adipose tissue through its G-protein coupled receptor HM74A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Aug 26;334(2):729-32. [16018973 ]
  2. Tunaru S, Lattig J, Kero J, Krause G, Offermanns S: Characterization of determinants of ligand binding to the nicotinic acid receptor GPR109A (HM74A/PUMA-G). Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Nov;68(5):1271-80. Epub 2005 Aug 11. [16099840 ]
  3. Wise A, Foord SM, Fraser NJ, Barnes AA, Elshourbagy N, Eilert M, Ignar DM, Murdock PR, Steplewski K, Green A, Brown AJ, Dowell SJ, Szekeres PG, Hassall DG, Marshall FH, Wilson S, Pike NB: Molecular identification of high and low affinity receptors for nicotinic acid. J Biol Chem. 2003 Mar 14;278(11):9869-74. Epub 2003 Jan 9. [12522134 ]
  4. Soga T, Kamohara M, Takasaki J, Matsumoto S, Saito T, Ohishi T, Hiyama H, Matsuo A, Matsushime H, Furuichi K: Molecular identification of nicotinic acid receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Mar 28;303(1):364-9. [12646212 ]
  5. Zellner C, Pullinger CR, Aouizerat BE, Frost PH, Kwok PY, Malloy MJ, Kane JP: Variations in human HM74 (GPR109B) and HM74A (GPR109A) niacin receptors. Hum Mutat. 2005 Jan;25(1):18-21. [15580557 ]
  6. Deng Q, Frie JL, Marley DM, Beresis RT, Ren N, Cai TQ, Taggart AK, Cheng K, Carballo-Jane E, Wang J, Tong X, Waters MG, Tata JR, Colletti SL: Molecular modeling aided design of nicotinic acid receptor GPR109A agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2008 Sep 15;18(18):4963-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.08.030. Epub 2008 Aug 14. [18760600 ]
  7. Shen HC, Ding FX, Luell S, Forrest MJ, Carballo-Jane E, Wu KK, Wu TJ, Cheng K, Wilsie LC, Krsmanovic ML, Taggart AK, Ren N, Cai TQ, Deng Q, Chen Q, Wang J, Wolff MS, Tong X, Holt TG, Waters MG, Hammond ML, Tata JR, Colletti SL: Discovery of biaryl anthranilides as full agonists for the high affinity niacin receptor. J Med Chem. 2007 Dec 13;50(25):6303-6. Epub 2007 Nov 10. [17994679 ]
  8. Shen HC, Szymonifka MJ, Kharbanda D, Deng Q, Carballo-Jane E, Wu KK, Wu TJ, Cheng K, Ren N, Cai TQ, Taggart AK, Wang J, Tong X, Waters MG, Hammond ML, Tata JR, Colletti SL: Discovery of orally bioavailable and novel urea agonists of the high affinity niacin receptor GPR109A. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2007 Dec 15;17(24):6723-8. Epub 2007 Oct 18. [18029181 ]
  9. Imbriglio JE, Chang S, Liang R, Raghavan S, Schmidt D, Smenton A, Tria S, Schrader TO, Jung JK, Esser C, Taggart AK, Cheng K, Carballo-Jane E, Gerard Waters M, Tata JR, Colletti SL: GPR109a agonists. Part 1: 5-Alkyl and 5-aryl-pyrazole-tetrazoles as agonists of the human orphan G-protein coupled receptor GPR109a. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 Apr 15;19(8):2121-4. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.014. Epub 2009 Mar 9. [19307116 ]
  10. Shen HC, Ding FX, Deng Q, Wilsie LC, Krsmanovic ML, Taggart AK, Carballo-Jane E, Ren N, Cai TQ, Wu TJ, Wu KK, Cheng K, Chen Q, Wolff MS, Tong X, Holt TG, Waters MG, Hammond ML, Tata JR, Colletti SL: Discovery of novel tricyclic full agonists for the G-protein-coupled niacin receptor 109A with minimized flushing in rats. J Med Chem. 2009 Apr 23;52(8):2587-602. doi: 10.1021/jm900151e. [19309152 ]
  11. Schmidt D, Smenton A, Raghavan S, Carballo-Jane E, Lubell S, Ciecko T, Holt TG, Wolff M, Taggart A, Wilsie L, Krsmanovic M, Ren N, Blom D, Cheng K, McCann PE, Gerard Waters M, Tata J, Colletti S: Pyrazole acids as niacin receptor agonists for the treatment of dyslipidemia. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 Aug 15;19(16):4768-72. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.06.054. Epub 2009 Jun 17. [19592242 ]
  12. Schmidt D, Smenton A, Raghavan S, Shen H, Ding FX, Carballo-Jane E, Luell S, Ciecko T, Holt TG, Wolff M, Taggart A, Wilsie L, Krsmanovic M, Ren N, Blom D, Cheng K, McCann PE, Waters MG, Tata J, Colletti S: Anthranilic acid replacements in a niacin receptor agonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2010 Jun 1;20(11):3426-30. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.001. Epub 2010 Apr 8. [20444602 ]
  13. Ding FX, Shen HC, Wilsie LC, Krsmanovic ML, Taggart AK, Ren N, Cai TQ, Wang J, Tong X, Holt TG, Chen Q, Waters MG, Hammond ML, Tata JR, Colletti SL: Discovery of pyrazolyl propionyl cyclohexenamide derivatives as full agonists for the high affinity niacin receptor GPR109A. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2010 Jun 1;20(11):3372-5. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.013. Epub 2010 Apr 11. [20452209 ]
  14. Imbriglio JE, Chang S, Liang R, Raghavan S, Schmidt D, Smenton A, Tria S, Schrader TO, Jung JK, Esser C, Holt TG, Wolff MS, Taggart AK, Cheng K, Carballo-Jane E, Waters MG, Tata JR, Colletti SL: GPR109a agonists. Part 2: pyrazole-acids as agonists of the human orphan G-protein coupled receptor GPR109a. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2010 Aug 1;20(15):4472-4. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.041. Epub 2010 Jun 10. [20615702 ]
  15. Shen HC, Taggart AK, Wilsie LC, Waters MG, Hammond ML, Tata JR, Colletti SL: Discovery of pyrazolopyrimidines as the first class of allosteric agonists for the high affinity nicotinic acid receptor GPR109A. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2008 Sep 15;18(18):4948-51. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.08.039. Epub 2008 Aug 14. [18752940 ]
  16. Richman JG, Kanemitsu-Parks M, Gaidarov I, Cameron JS, Griffin P, Zheng H, Guerra NC, Cham L, Maciejewski-Lenoir D, Behan DP, Boatman D, Chen R, Skinner P, Ornelas P, Waters MG, Wright SD, Semple G, Connolly DT: Nicotinic acid receptor agonists differentially activate downstream effectors. J Biol Chem. 2007 Jun 22;282(25):18028-36. Epub 2007 Apr 23. [17452318 ]
  17. Semple G, Skinner PJ, Gharbaoui T, Shin YJ, Jung JK, Cherrier MC, Webb PJ, Tamura SY, Boatman PD, Sage CR, Schrader TO, Chen R, Colletti SL, Tata JR, Waters MG, Cheng K, Taggart AK, Cai TQ, Carballo-Jane E, Behan DP, Connolly DT, Richman JG: 3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-cyclopentapyrazole (MK-0354): a partial agonist of the nicotinic acid receptor, G-protein coupled receptor 109a, with antilipolytic but no vasodilatory activity in mice. J Med Chem. 2008 Aug 28;51(16):5101-8. doi: 10.1021/jm800258p. Epub 2008 Jul 30. [18665582 ]
  18. Shen HC, Ding FX, Raghavan S, Deng Q, Luell S, Forrest MJ, Carballo-Jane E, Wilsie LC, Krsmanovic ML, Taggart AK, Wu KK, Wu TJ, Cheng K, Ren N, Cai TQ, Chen Q, Wang J, Wolff MS, Tong X, Holt TG, Waters MG, Hammond ML, Tata JR, Colletti SL: Discovery of a biaryl cyclohexene carboxylic acid (MK-6892): a potent and selective high affinity niacin receptor full agonist with reduced flushing profiles in animals as a preclinical candidate. J Med Chem. 2010 Mar 25;53(6):2666-70. doi: 10.1021/jm100022r. [20184326 ]
  19. Mahboubi K, Witman-Jones T, Adamus JE, Letsinger JT, Whitehouse D, Moorman AR, Sawicki D, Bergenhem N, Ross SA: Triglyceride modulation by acifran analogs: activity towards the niacin high and low affinity G protein-coupled receptors HM74A and HM74. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Feb 10;340(2):482-90. Epub 2005 Dec 19. [16389067 ]
  20. Mandrika I, Petrovska R, Klovins J: Evidence for constitutive dimerization of niacin receptor subtypes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010 Apr 30;395(2):281-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.011. Epub 2010 Apr 7. [20380810 ]
  21. Li G, Shi Y, Huang H, Zhang Y, Wu K, Luo J, Sun Y, Lu J, Benovic JL, Zhou N: Internalization of the human nicotinic acid receptor GPR109A is regulated by G(i), GRK2, and arrestin3. J Biol Chem. 2010 Jul 16;285(29):22605-18. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.087213. Epub 2010 May 11. [20460384 ]
  22. van Veldhoven JP, Blad CC, Artsen CM, Klopman C, Wolfram DR, Abdelkadir MJ, Lane JR, Brussee J, Ijzerman AP: Structure-activity relationships of trans-substituted-propenoic acid derivatives on the nicotinic acid receptor HCA2 (GPR109A). Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2011 May 1;21(9):2736-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.091. Epub 2010 Nov 25. [21167710 ]
Target Details
2. Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3
General Function:
G-protein coupled receptor activity
Specific Function:
Receptor for 3-OH-octanoid acid mediates a negative feedback regulation of adipocyte lipolysis to counteract prolipolytic influences under conditions of physiological or pathological increases in beta-oxidation rates. Acts as a low affinity receptor for nicotinic acid. This pharmacological effect requires nicotinic acid doses that are much higher than those provided by a normal diet.
Gene Name:
HCAR3
Uniprot ID:
P49019
Molecular Weight:
44477.93 Da
References
  1. Tunaru S, Kero J, Schaub A, Wufka C, Blaukat A, Pfeffer K, Offermanns S: PUMA-G and HM74 are receptors for nicotinic acid and mediate its anti-lipolytic effect. Nat Med. 2003 Mar;9(3):352-5. Epub 2003 Feb 3. [12563315 ]
  2. Taggart AK, Kero J, Gan X, Cai TQ, Cheng K, Ippolito M, Ren N, Kaplan R, Wu K, Wu TJ, Jin L, Liaw C, Chen R, Richman J, Connolly D, Offermanns S, Wright SD, Waters MG: (D)-beta-Hydroxybutyrate inhibits adipocyte lipolysis via the nicotinic acid receptor PUMA-G. J Biol Chem. 2005 Jul 22;280(29):26649-52. Epub 2005 Jun 1. [15929991 ]
  3. Zhang Y, Schmidt RJ, Foxworthy P, Emkey R, Oler JK, Large TH, Wang H, Su EW, Mosior MK, Eacho PI, Cao G: Niacin mediates lipolysis in adipose tissue through its G-protein coupled receptor HM74A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Aug 26;334(2):729-32. [16018973 ]
  4. Tunaru S, Lattig J, Kero J, Krause G, Offermanns S: Characterization of determinants of ligand binding to the nicotinic acid receptor GPR109A (HM74A/PUMA-G). Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Nov;68(5):1271-80. Epub 2005 Aug 11. [16099840 ]
  5. Benyo Z, Gille A, Kero J, Csiky M, Suchankova MC, Nusing RM, Moers A, Pfeffer K, Offermanns S: GPR109A (PUMA-G/HM74A) mediates nicotinic acid-induced flushing. J Clin Invest. 2005 Dec;115(12):3634-40. [16322797 ]
  6. Mahboubi K, Witman-Jones T, Adamus JE, Letsinger JT, Whitehouse D, Moorman AR, Sawicki D, Bergenhem N, Ross SA: Triglyceride modulation by acifran analogs: activity towards the niacin high and low affinity G protein-coupled receptors HM74A and HM74. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Feb 10;340(2):482-90. Epub 2005 Dec 19. [16389067 ]
Target Details
3. Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase [carboxylating]
General Function:
Protein homodimerization activity
Specific Function:
Involved in the catabolism of quinolinic acid (QA).
Gene Name:
QPRT
Uniprot ID:
Q15274
Molecular Weight:
30845.31 Da
References
  1. Fukuwatari T, Morikawa Y, Hayakawa F, Sugimoto E, Shibata K: Influence of adenine-induced renal failure on tryptophan-niacin metabolism in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2001 Oct;65(10):2154-61. [11758903 ]
  2. Shin DH, Oganesyan N, Jancarik J, Yokota H, Kim R, Kim SH: Crystal structure of a nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase from Thermoplasma acidophilum. J Biol Chem. 2005 May 6;280(18):18326-35. Epub 2005 Mar 6. [15753098 ]
  3. Zheng XQ, Hayashibe E, Ashihara H: Changes in trigonelline (N-methylnicotinic acid) content and nicotinic acid metabolism during germination of mungbean (Phaseolus aureus) seeds. J Exp Bot. 2005 Jun;56(416):1615-23. Epub 2005 Apr 18. [15837705 ]
Target Details
4. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase
General Function:
Nicotinamide n-methyltransferase activity
Specific Function:
Catalyzes the N-methylation of nicotinamide and other pyridines to form pyridinium ions. This activity is important for biotransformation of many drugs and xenobiotic compounds.
Gene Name:
NNMT
Uniprot ID:
P40261
Molecular Weight:
29573.705 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [17016423 ]