You are using an unsupported browser. Please upgrade your browser to a newer version to get the best experience on Toxin, Toxin Target Database.
Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2014-08-29 06:31:18 UTC
Update Date2018-03-21 17:46:18 UTC
Accession NumberT3D4349
Identification
Common NameGalactitol
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionGalactitol or dulcitol is a sugar alcohol that is a metabolic breakdown product of galactose. Galactose is derived from lactose in food (such as dairy products). When lactose is broken down by the enzyme lactase it produces glucose and galactose. Galactitol has a slightly sweet taste. It is produced from galactose in a reaction catalyzed by aldose reductase. When present in sufficiently high levels, galactitol can act as a metabotoxin, a neurotoxin, and a hepatotoxin. A neurotoxin is a compound that disrupts or attacks neural cells and neural tissue. A hepatotoxin as a compound that disrupts or attacks liver tissue or liver cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of galactitol are associated with at least two inborn errors of metabolism, including galactosemia and galactosemia type II. Galactosemia is a rare genetic metabolic disorder that affects an individual's ability to metabolize the sugar galactose properly. Excess lactose consumption in individuals with galactose intolerance or galactosemia activates aldose reductase to produce galactitol, thus depleting NADPH and leading to lowered glutathione reductase activity. As a result, hydrogen peroxide or other free radicals accumulate causing serious oxidative damage to various cells and tissues. In individuals with galactosemia, the enzymes needed for the further metabolism of galactose (galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase) are severely diminished or missing entirely, leading to toxic levels of galactose 1-phosphate, galactitol, and galactonate. High levels of galactitol in infants are specifically associated with hepatomegaly (an enlarged liver), cirrhosis, renal failure, cataracts, vomiting, seizure, hypoglycemia, lethargy, brain damage, and ovarian failure.
Compound Type
  • Food Toxin
  • Metabolite
  • Natural Compound
  • Organic Compound
  • Plant Toxin
Chemical Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
Synonym
Ambap5938
D-Dulcitol
Dulcite
Dulcitol
Dulcose
Euonymit
Hexitol
Melampyrin
Melampyrit
Melampyrite
Melampyrum
Meso-galactitol
Chemical FormulaC6H14O6
Average Molecular Mass182.172 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass182.079 g/mol
CAS Registry Number608-66-2
IUPAC Name(2R,3S,4R,5S)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol
Traditional Namegalactitol
SMILES[H][C@](O)(CO)[C@@]([H])(O)[C@@]([H])(O)[C@]([H])(O)CO
InChI IdentifierInChI=1/C6H14O6/c7-1-3(9)5(11)6(12)4(10)2-8/h3-12H,1-2H2/t3-,4+,5+,6-
InChI KeyInChIKey=FBPFZTCFMRRESA-GUCUJZIJNA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sugar alcohols. These are hydrogenated forms of carbohydrate in which the carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone, reducing sugar) has been reduced to a primary or secondary hydroxyl group.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic oxygen compounds
ClassOrganooxygen compounds
Sub ClassCarbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates
Direct ParentSugar alcohols
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Sugar alcohol
  • Monosaccharide
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Polyol
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Primary alcohol
  • Alcohol
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginEndogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Extracellular
  • Membrane
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue Locations
  • Brain
  • Erythrocyte
  • Eye Lens
  • Lens
Pathways
NameSMPDB LinkKEGG Link
Galactose MetabolismSMP00043 map00052
GalactosemiaSMP00182 Not Available
Galactosemia II (GALK)SMP00495 Not Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological Roles
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceWhite powder.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point189.5°C
Boiling PointNot Available
Solubility31,0 mg/mL at 15°C
LogP-3.1
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility229 g/LALOGPS
logP-2.7ALOGPS
logP-3.7ChemAxon
logS0.1ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)12.59ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-3ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count6ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count6ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area121.38 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count5ChemAxon
Refractivity38.4 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability17.25 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)splash10-014j-0941000000-61141f9f2ddc66e0b0162014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (6 TMS)splash10-0gb9-1983000000-0a0dafcfea843fbb3c722014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-014j-0941000000-61141f9f2ddc66e0b0162017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-0gb9-1983000000-0a0dafcfea843fbb3c722017-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-03k9-9400000000-7a0f08ea65cbca1920f52017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (6 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0a6s-7141193000-dcd9245e12314ee0ced42017-10-06View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_5) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_6) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_5) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_6) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_7) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_8) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_9) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_10) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_2_11) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, N/A (Annotated)splash10-005a-5900000000-35da0de23de5b9170aed2012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, N/A (Annotated)splash10-0a4i-9000000000-552b84764ceb9b497a7e2012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, N/A (Annotated)splash10-052f-9000000000-dfb4eef021d94d5145882012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - QqQ 4V, negativesplash10-001i-0900000000-028ff289dc870279e2182020-07-21View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - QqQ 8V, negativesplash10-001i-1900000000-a99ee988b2a1bbab91372020-07-21View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - QqQ 12V, negativesplash10-0uyr-6900000000-04315425478b660c89472020-07-21View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - QqQ 16V, negativesplash10-0kg9-9400000000-54350b0516f39f8c9b502020-07-21View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - QqQ 20V, negativesplash10-0abi-9100000000-b4cf2b00830b765d5dcb2020-07-21View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - n/a 12V, negativesplash10-0089-9000000000-20463a683f8ab7aa9e4d2020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - n/a 12V, negativesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-5c4795e954d5c3e9b74e2020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - n/a 12V, negativesplash10-0udi-0900000000-43b7e571c1185de1e99b2020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - n/a 12V, negativesplash10-00di-9000000000-160eaf7ef39d088537382020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - n/a 12V, negativesplash10-0udi-3900000000-3114e2bfe0cdbc68be192020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - n/a 12V, negativesplash10-000j-9000000000-635a869063bea88c00912020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - n/a 12V, negativesplash10-0uk9-3900000000-2ecc694b3a9844ec3ee52020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orbitrap 3V, negativesplash10-03di-0900000000-61d17fd37e0e3ac16e372020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orbitrap 4V, negativesplash10-03di-1900000000-90b308bca6baee5ab0182020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orbitrap 5V, negativesplash10-0ik9-2900000000-eb87481835668a3b0d3d2020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orbitrap 6V, negativesplash10-0w29-5900000000-a78bc11bf7d88c2b913e2020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orbitrap 7V, negativesplash10-0udi-8900000000-0ae9e05f3f4517635bba2020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orbitrap 9V, negativesplash10-0zmi-9500000000-4156ee30d358f68b25902020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - n/a 12V, negativesplash10-0udi-3900000000-0370fdfaee1df82b525d2020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - n/a 12V, negativesplash10-05fr-9000000000-9699f16da2c5fbaef32d2020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - n/a 12V, negativesplash10-000j-9000000000-0a119385f247c8ed7ae42020-07-22View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Orbitrap 2V, negativesplash10-014i-0490000000-403aabe62ebe0fa60ab32020-07-22View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2012-12-04View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 125 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2012-12-04View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-29View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2021-10-10View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2012-12-04View Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureNot Available
Mechanism of ToxicityAccumulation of galactitol in the body has been shown to be toxic. Accumulation of galactitol in the lens causes the osmotic phenomena and results in cataract formation. It may form in excess in the lens of the eye in galactosemias, a deficiency of galactokinase.
MetabolismNot Available
Toxicity ValuesNot Available
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Uses/SourcesThis is an endogenously produced metabolite found in the human body. It is used in metabolic reactions, catabolic reactions or waste generation.
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsChronically high levels of galactitol are associated with at least 2 inborn errors of metabolism including: Galactosemia and Galactosemia type II.
SymptomsNot Available
TreatmentNot Available
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDNot Available
HMDB IDHMDB00107
PubChem Compound ID11850
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL1773904
ChemSpider ID11357
KEGG IDC01697
UniProt IDNot Available
OMIM ID
ChEBI ID16813
BioCyc ID15-DIDEOXY-15-IMINO-D-GALACTITOL
CTD IDNot Available
Stitch IDNot Available
PDB IDNot Available
ACToR IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkGalactitol
References
Synthesis ReferenceMuniruzzaman, Syed; Itoh, Hiromichi; Yoshino, Akira; Katayama, Takeshi; Izumori, Ken. Biotransformation of lactose to galactitol. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering (1994), 77(1), 32-5.
MSDST3D4349.pdf
General References
  1. Ning C, Segal S: Plasma galactose and galactitol concentration in patients with galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency galactosemia: determination by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Metabolism. 2000 Nov;49(11):1460-6. [11092512 ]
  2. Jakobs C, Warner TG, Sweetman L, Nyhan WL: Stable isotope dilution analysis of galactitol in amniotic fluid: an accurate approach to the prenatal diagnosis of galactosemia. Pediatr Res. 1984 Aug;18(8):714-8. [6433315 ]
  3. Ning C, Reynolds R, Chen J, Yager C, Berry GT, McNamara PD, Leslie N, Segal S: Galactose metabolism by the mouse with galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency. Pediatr Res. 2000 Aug;48(2):211-7. [10926297 ]
  4. Budde M, Gusek-Schneider GC, Junemann A, Jansen F, Shin YS: [Familial cataract in plasma galactitol increase without known enzyme defect]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 1999 Oct;215(4):255-7. [10572890 ]
  5. Berry GT, Hunter JV, Wang Z, Dreha S, Mazur A, Brooks DG, Ning C, Zimmerman RA, Segal S: In vivo evidence of brain galactitol accumulation in an infant with galactosemia and encephalopathy. J Pediatr. 2001 Feb;138(2):260-2. [11174626 ]
  6. Pettit BR, King GS, Blau K: The analysis of hexitols in biological fluid by selected ion monitoring. Biomed Mass Spectrom. 1980 Jul;7(7):309-13. [7448335 ]
  7. Ficicioglu C, Yager C, Segal S: Galactitol and galactonate in red blood cells of children with the Duarte/galactosemia genotype. Mol Genet Metab. 2005 Feb;84(2):152-9. Epub 2004 Dec 9. [15670721 ]
  8. Jakobs C, Schweitzer S, Dorland B: Galactitol in galactosemia. Eur J Pediatr. 1995;154(7 Suppl 2):S50-2. [7671965 ]
  9. Roboz J, Kappatos DC, Greaves J, Holland JF: Determination of polyols in serum by selected ion monitoring. Clin Chem. 1984 Oct;30(10):1611-5. [6434200 ]
  10. Airey CM, Price DE, Kemp JV, Perkins CM, Wales JK: The effect of aldose reductase inhibition on erythrocyte polyols and galactitol accumulation in diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 1989 Dec;6(9):804-8. [2533041 ]
  11. Schwarz HP, Schaefer T, Bachmann C: Galactose and galactitol in the urine of children with compound heterozygosity for Duarte variant and classical galactosemia (GtD/gt) after an oral galactose load. Clin Chem. 1985 Mar;31(3):420-2. [3971562 ]
  12. Arola H, Sillanaukee P, Aine E, Koivula T, Isokoski M: Galactitol is not a cause of senile cataract. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1992;230(3):240-2. [1597290 ]
  13. Allen JT, Holton JB, Gillett MG: Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of galactitol in amniotic fluid for possible use in prenatal diagnosis of galactosaemia. Clin Chim Acta. 1981 Feb 19;110(1):59-63. [7214715 ]
  14. Shetty HU, Holloway HW, Rapoport SI: Capillary gas chromatography combined with ion trap detection for quantitative profiling of polyols in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Anal Biochem. 1995 Jan 1;224(1):279-85. [7710082 ]
  15. Berry GT, Palmieri M, Gross KC, Acosta PB, Henstenburg JA, Mazur A, Reynolds R, Segal S: The effect of dietary fruits and vegetables on urinary galactitol excretion in galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1993;16(1):91-100. [8487507 ]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated GenesNot Available
Down-Regulated GenesNot Available