Potassium Chloride (T3D4731)
| Record Information | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Version | 2.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Creation Date | 2014-09-11 05:13:49 UTC | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Update Date | 2014-12-24 20:26:56 UTC | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accession Number | T3D4731 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Identification | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common Name | Potassium Chloride | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Class | Small Molecule | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Description | A white crystal or crystalline powder used as an electrolyte replenisher, in the treatment of hypokalemia, in buffer solutions, and in fertilizers and explosives. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Compound Type |
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| Chemical Structure |  | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Synonyms |
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| Chemical Formula | ClK | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average Molecular Mass | 74.551 g/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Monoisotopic Mass | 73.933 g/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS Registry Number | 7447-40-7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IUPAC Name | potassium chloride | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Name | potassium chloride | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SMILES | [Cl-].[K+] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/ClH.K/h1H;/q;+1/p-1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| InChI Key | InChIKey=WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical Taxonomy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Description | belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as alkali metal chlorides. These are inorganic compounds in which the largest halogen atom is Chlorine, and the heaviest metal atom is an alkali metal. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kingdom | Inorganic compounds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Super Class | Mixed metal/non-metal compounds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Class | Alkali metal salts | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sub Class | Alkali metal chlorides | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Direct Parent | Alkali metal chlorides | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alternative Parents | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Substituents |
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| Molecular Framework | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External Descriptors |
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| Biological Properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Status | Detected and Not Quantified | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Origin | Endogenous | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cellular Locations |
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| Biofluid Locations | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tissue Locations | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pathways | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Applications | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Biological Roles | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical Roles | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical Properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| State | Solid | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | White powder. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Experimental Properties |
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| Predicted Properties |
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| Spectra | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spectra | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Toxicity Profile | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Route of Exposure | Potassium is a normal dietary constituent and under steady-state conditions the amount of potassium absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract is equal to the amount excreted in the urine. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mechanism of Toxicity | Supplemental potassium in the form of high potassium food or potassium chloride may be able to restore normal potassium levels. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Metabolism | Route of Elimination: Potassium is a normal dietary constituent and, under steady-state conditions, the amount of potassium absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract is equal to the amount excreted in the urine. Potassium depletion will occur whenever the rate of potassium loss through renal excretion and/or loss from the gastrointestinal tract exceeds the rate of potassium intake. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Toxicity Values | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lethal Dose | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Uses/Sources | For use as an electrolyte replenisher and in the treatment of hypokalemia. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Minimum Risk Level | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Health Effects | The administration of oral potassium salts to persons with normal excretory mechanisms for potassium rarely causes serious hyperkalemia. However, if excretory mechanisms are impaired, of if potassium is administered too rapidly intravenously, potentially fatal hyperkalemia can result. It is important to recognize that hyperkalemia is usually asymptomatic and may be manifested only by an increased serum potassium concentration (6.5-8.0 mEq/L) and characteristic electrocardiographic changes (peaking of T-waves, loss of P-wave, depression of S-T segment, and prolongation of the QT interval). Late manifestations include muscle paralysis and cardiovascular collapse from cardiac arrest (9-12 mEq/L). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Symptoms | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Treatment | EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Normal Concentrations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Abnormal Concentrations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Not Available | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External Links | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DrugBank ID | DB00761 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HMDB ID | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| PubChem Compound ID | 4873 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ChEMBL ID | CHEMBL1200731 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ChemSpider ID | 4707 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| KEGG ID | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| UniProt ID | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OMIM ID | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ChEBI ID | 32588 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| BioCyc ID | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CTD ID | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stitch ID | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| PDB ID | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ACToR ID | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wikipedia Link | Potassium_Chloride | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| References | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Synthesis Reference | Fritz Hagedorn, Gerd Peuschel, Arno Singewald, “Method for the production of potassium chloride with K.sub.2 O content of more than 55 weight percent.” U.S. Patent US5057208, issued July, 1955. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| MSDS | T3D4731.pdf | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| General References | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gene Regulation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Up-Regulated Genes | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Down-Regulated Genes | Not Available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Targets
- General Function:
- Sodium:potassium:chloride symporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Electrically silent transporter system. Mediates sodium and chloride reabsorption. Plays a vital role in the regulation of ionic balance and cell volume.
- Gene Name:
- SLC12A1
- Uniprot ID:
- Q13621
- Molecular Weight:
- 121449.13 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [17139284 ]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [17016423 ]
- Fujiwara TM, Bichet DG: Molecular biology of hereditary diabetes insipidus. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 Oct;16(10):2836-46. Epub 2005 Aug 10. [16093448 ]
- Bichet DG: Hereditary polyuric disorders: new concepts and differential diagnosis. Semin Nephrol. 2006 May;26(3):224-33. [16713495 ]
- Pressler CA, Heinzinger J, Jeck N, Waldegger P, Pechmann U, Reinalter S, Konrad M, Beetz R, Seyberth HW, Waldegger S: Late-onset manifestation of antenatal Bartter syndrome as a result of residual function of the mutated renal Na+-K+-2Cl- co-transporter. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Aug;17(8):2136-42. Epub 2006 Jun 28. [16807401 ]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [11752352 ]
- General Function:
- Protein kinase binding
- Specific Function:
- Mediates electroneutral potassium-chloride cotransport in mature neurons. Transport occurs under isotonic conditions, but is activated 20-fold by cell swelling. Important for Cl(-) homeostasis in neurons.
- Gene Name:
- SLC12A5
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9H2X9
- Molecular Weight:
- 126182.49 Da
References
- Takayama C, Inoue Y: Developmental localization of potassium chloride co-transporter 2 (KCC2) in the Purkinje cells of embryonic mouse cerebellum. Neurosci Res. 2007 Feb;57(2):322-5. Epub 2006 Nov 28. [17134779 ]
- Tornberg J, Segerstrale M, Kulesskaya N, Voikar V, Taira T, Airaksinen MS: KCC2-deficient mice show reduced sensitivity to diazepam, but normal alcohol-induced motor impairment, gaboxadol-induced sedation, and neurosteroid-induced hypnosis. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007 Apr;32(4):911-8. Epub 2006 Aug 16. [16936706 ]
- Misri S, Chimote AA, Adragna NC, Warwar R, Brown TL, Lauf PK: KCC isoforms in a human lens epithelial cell line (B3) and lens tissue extracts. Exp Eye Res. 2006 Nov;83(5):1287-94. Epub 2006 Sep 1. [16949074 ]
- Takayama C, Inoue Y: Developmental localization of potassium chloride co-transporter 2 in granule cells of the early postnatal mouse cerebellum with special reference to the synapse formation. Neuroscience. 2006 Dec;143(3):757-67. Epub 2006 Sep 27. [17008020 ]
- Capo-Aponte JE, Wang Z, Bildin VN, Iserovich P, Pan Z, Zhang F, Pokorny KS, Reinach PS: Functional and molecular characterization of multiple K-Cl cotransporter isoforms in corneal epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res. 2007 Jun;84(6):1090-103. Epub 2007 Feb 16. [17418819 ]
- General Function:
- Sodium:potassium:chloride symporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Electrically silent transporter system. Mediates sodium and chloride reabsorption. Plays a vital role in the regulation of ionic balance and cell volume.
- Gene Name:
- SLC12A2
- Uniprot ID:
- P55011
- Molecular Weight:
- 131445.825 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [17139284 ]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [17016423 ]
- Hebert SC: Bartter syndrome. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2003 Sep;12(5):527-32. [12920401 ]
- General Function:
- Protein kinase binding
- Specific Function:
- Mediates electroneutral potassium-chloride cotransport when activated by cell swelling. May contribute to cell volume homeostasis in single cells. May be involved in the regulation of basolateral Cl(-) exit in NaCl absorbing epithelia (By similarity). Isoform 4 has no transport activity.
- Gene Name:
- SLC12A4
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9UP95
- Molecular Weight:
- 120648.73 Da
References
- Misri S, Chimote AA, Adragna NC, Warwar R, Brown TL, Lauf PK: KCC isoforms in a human lens epithelial cell line (B3) and lens tissue extracts. Exp Eye Res. 2006 Nov;83(5):1287-94. Epub 2006 Sep 1. [16949074 ]
- Capo-Aponte JE, Wang Z, Bildin VN, Iserovich P, Pan Z, Zhang F, Pokorny KS, Reinach PS: Functional and molecular characterization of multiple K-Cl cotransporter isoforms in corneal epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res. 2007 Jun;84(6):1090-103. Epub 2007 Feb 16. [17418819 ]
- Klein T, Cooper TG, Yeung CH: The role of potassium chloride cotransporters in murine and human sperm volume regulation. Biol Reprod. 2006 Dec;75(6):853-8. Epub 2006 Aug 30. [16943364 ]
- General Function:
- Rubidium ion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function:
- Mediates electroneutral potassium-chloride cotransport. May be activated by cell swelling. May contribute to cell volume homeostasis in single cells.
- Gene Name:
- SLC12A6
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9UHW9
- Molecular Weight:
- 127615.745 Da
References
- Misri S, Chimote AA, Adragna NC, Warwar R, Brown TL, Lauf PK: KCC isoforms in a human lens epithelial cell line (B3) and lens tissue extracts. Exp Eye Res. 2006 Nov;83(5):1287-94. Epub 2006 Sep 1. [16949074 ]
- Capo-Aponte JE, Wang Z, Bildin VN, Iserovich P, Pan Z, Zhang F, Pokorny KS, Reinach PS: Functional and molecular characterization of multiple K-Cl cotransporter isoforms in corneal epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res. 2007 Jun;84(6):1090-103. Epub 2007 Feb 16. [17418819 ]
- Klein T, Cooper TG, Yeung CH: The role of potassium chloride cotransporters in murine and human sperm volume regulation. Biol Reprod. 2006 Dec;75(6):853-8. Epub 2006 Aug 30. [16943364 ]
- General Function:
- Protein kinase binding
- Specific Function:
- Mediates electroneutral potassium-chloride cotransport when activated by cell swelling. May mediate K(+) uptake into Deiters' cells in the cochlea and contribute to K(+) recycling in the inner ear. Important for the survival of cochlear outer and inner hair cells and the maintenance of the organ of Corti. May be required for basolateral Cl(-) extrusion in the kidney and contribute to renal acidification (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- SLC12A7
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9Y666
- Molecular Weight:
- 119104.84 Da
References
- Misri S, Chimote AA, Adragna NC, Warwar R, Brown TL, Lauf PK: KCC isoforms in a human lens epithelial cell line (B3) and lens tissue extracts. Exp Eye Res. 2006 Nov;83(5):1287-94. Epub 2006 Sep 1. [16949074 ]
- Capo-Aponte JE, Wang Z, Bildin VN, Iserovich P, Pan Z, Zhang F, Pokorny KS, Reinach PS: Functional and molecular characterization of multiple K-Cl cotransporter isoforms in corneal epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res. 2007 Jun;84(6):1090-103. Epub 2007 Feb 16. [17418819 ]
- Klein T, Cooper TG, Yeung CH: The role of potassium chloride cotransporters in murine and human sperm volume regulation. Biol Reprod. 2006 Dec;75(6):853-8. Epub 2006 Aug 30. [16943364 ]