Thalidomide (T3D3539)

General Function:

Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity

Specific Function:

Converts arachidonate to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), a committed step in prostanoid synthesis. Constitutively expressed in some tissues in physiological conditions, such as the endothelium, kidney and brain, and in pathological conditions, such as in cancer. PTGS2 is responsible for production of inflammatory prostaglandins. Up-regulation of PTGS2 is also associated with increased cell adhesion, phenotypic changes, resistance to apoptosis and tumor angiogenesis. In cancer cells, PTGS2 is a key step in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which plays important roles in modulating motility, proliferation and resistance to apoptosis.

Gene Name:

PTGS2

Uniprot ID:

P35354

Molecular Weight:

68995.625 Da

References

1. Brown R, Munjack D, McDowell D: Agoraphobia with and without current panic attacks. Psychol Rep. 1989 Apr;64(2):503-6. [2710892 ]
2. Hada M, Mizutari K: [A case report of metastatic pancreatic cancer that responded remarkably to the combination of thalidomide, celecoxib and irinotecan]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2004 Sep;31(9):1407-10. [15446566 ]
3. Payvandi F, Wu L, Haley M, Schafer PH, Zhang LH, Chen RS, Muller GW, Stirling DI: Immunomodulatory drugs inhibit expression of cyclooxygenase-2 from TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and LPS-stimulated human PBMC in a partially IL-10-dependent manner. Cell Immunol. 2004 Aug;230(2):81-8. [15598423 ]
4. Wiedmann MW, Caca K: Molecularly targeted therapy for gastrointestinal cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2005 May;5(3):171-93. [15892618 ]
5. Du GJ, Lin HH, Xu QT, Wang MW: Thalidomide inhibits growth of tumors through COX-2 degradation independent of antiangiogenesis. Vascul Pharmacol. 2005 Aug;43(2):112-9. [15982930 ]
6. Noguchi T, Shimazawa R, Nagasawa K, Hashimoto Y: Thalidomide and its analogues as cyclooxygenase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2002 Apr 8;12(7):1043-6. [11909713 ]

General Function:

Tumor necrosis factor receptor binding

Specific Function:

Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. It is mainly secreted by macrophages and can induce cell death of certain tumor cell lines. It is potent pyrogen causing fever by direct action or by stimulation of interleukin-1 secretion and is implicated in the induction of cachexia, Under certain conditions it can stimulate cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation. Impairs regulatory T-cells (Treg) function in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis via FOXP3 dephosphorylation. Upregulates the expression of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), which dephosphorylates the key 'Ser-418' residue of FOXP3, thereby inactivating FOXP3 and rendering Treg cells functionally defective (PubMed:23396208). Key mediator of cell death in the anticancer action of BCG-stimulated neutrophils in combination with DIABLO/SMAC mimetic in the RT4v6 bladder cancer cell line (PubMed:22517918).The TNF intracellular domain (ICD) form induces IL12 production in dendritic cells.

Gene Name:

TNF

Uniprot ID:

P01375

Molecular Weight:

25644.15 Da

References

1. Richardson P, Hideshima T, Anderson K: Thalidomide in multiple myeloma. Biomed Pharmacother. 2002 May;56(3):115-28. [12046682 ]
2. Fu LM, Fu-Liu CS: Thalidomide and tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2002 Jul;6(7):569-72. [12102294 ]
3. Enomoto N, Takei Y, Hirose M, Ikejima K, Miwa H, Kitamura T, Sato N: Thalidomide prevents alcoholic liver injury in rats through suppression of Kupffer cell sensitization and TNF-alpha production. Gastroenterology. 2002 Jul;123(1):291-300. [12105857 ]
4. Vescovo G, Ravara B, Angelini A, Sandri M, Carraro U, Ceconi C, Dalla Libera L: Effect of thalidomide on the skeletal muscle in experimental heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2002 Aug;4(4):455-60. [12167383 ]

General Function:

Used for biological information storage.

Specific Function:

DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce.

Molecular Weight:

2.15 x 10¹² Da

References

1. Stephens TD, Bunde CJ, Fillmore BJ: Mechanism of action in thalidomide teratogenesis. Biochem Pharmacol. 2000 Jun 15;59(12):1489-99. [10799645 ]
2. Shoji A, Kuwahara M, Ozaki H, Sawai H: Modified DNA aptamer that binds the (R)-isomer of a thalidomide derivative with high enantioselectivity. J Am Chem Soc. 2007 Feb 7;129(5):1456-64. [17263432 ]
3. Stephens TD, Fillmore BJ: Hypothesis: thalidomide embryopathy-proposed mechanism of action. Teratology. 2000 Mar;61(3):189-95. [10661908 ]

General Function:

Transcriptional repressor activity, rna polymerase ii transcription regulatory region sequence-specific binding

Specific Function:

NF-kappa-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor present in almost all cell types and is the endpoint of a series of signal transduction events that are initiated by a vast array of stimuli related to many biological processes such as inflammation, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. NF-kappa-B is a homo- or heterodimeric complex formed by the Rel-like domain-containing proteins RELA/p65, RELB, NFKB1/p105, NFKB1/p50, REL and NFKB2/p52 and the heterodimeric p65-p50 complex appears to be most abundant one. The dimers bind at kappa-B sites in the DNA of their target genes and the individual dimers have distinct preferences for different kappa-B sites that they can bind with distinguishable affinity and specificity. Different dimer combinations act as transcriptional activators or repressors, respectively. NF-kappa-B is controlled by various mechanisms of post-translational modification and subcellular compartmentalization as well as by interactions with other cofactors or corepressors. NF-kappa-B complexes are held in the cytoplasm in an inactive state complexed with members of the NF-kappa-B inhibitor (I-kappa-B) family. In a conventional activation pathway, I-kappa-B is phosphorylated by I-kappa-B kinases (IKKs) in response to different activators, subsequently degraded thus liberating the active NF-kappa-B complex which translocates to the nucleus. NF-kappa-B heterodimeric p65-p50 and RelB-p50 complexes are transcriptional activators. The NF-kappa-B p50-p50 homodimer is a transcriptional repressor, but can act as a transcriptional activator when associated with BCL3. NFKB1 appears to have dual functions such as cytoplasmic retention of attached NF-kappa-B proteins by p105 and generation of p50 by a cotranslational processing. The proteasome-mediated process ensures the production of both p50 and p105 and preserves their independent function, although processing of NFKB1/p105 also appears to occur post-translationally. p50 binds to the kappa-B consensus sequence 5'-GGRNNYYCC-3', located in the enhancer region of genes involved in immune response and acute phase reactions. In a complex with MAP3K8, NFKB1/p105 represses MAP3K8-induced MAPK signaling; active MAP3K8 is released by proteasome-dependent degradation of NFKB1/p105.

Gene Name:

NFKB1

Uniprot ID:

P19838

Molecular Weight:

105355.175 Da

References

1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [11752352 ]
2. Yasui K, Kobayashi N, Yamazaki T, Agematsu K: Thalidomide as an immunotherapeutic agent: the effects on neutrophil-mediated inflammation. Curr Pharm Des. 2005;11(3):395-401. [15723633 ]

General Function:

Protein tyrosine kinase activity

Specific Function:

Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as cell-surface receptor for fibroblast growth factors and plays an essential role in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis, and in the regulation of embryonic development. Required for normal embryonic patterning, trophoblast function, limb bud development, lung morphogenesis, osteogenesis and skin development. Plays an essential role in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis, and is required for normal skeleton development. Promotes cell proliferation in keratinocytes and immature osteoblasts, but promotes apoptosis in differentiated osteoblasts. Phosphorylates PLCG1, FRS2 and PAK4. Ligand binding leads to the activation of several signaling cascades. Activation of PLCG1 leads to the production of the cellular signaling molecules diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. Phosphorylation of FRS2 triggers recruitment of GRB2, GAB1, PIK3R1 and SOS1, and mediates activation of RAS, MAPK1/ERK2, MAPK3/ERK1 and the MAP kinase signaling pathway, as well as of the AKT1 signaling pathway. FGFR2 signaling is down-regulated by ubiquitination, internalization and degradation. Mutations that lead to constitutive kinase activation or impair normal FGFR2 maturation, internalization and degradation lead to aberrant signaling. Over-expressed FGFR2 promotes activation of STAT1.

Gene Name:

FGFR2

Uniprot ID:

P21802

Molecular Weight:

92024.29 Da

References

1. Eichholz A, Merchant S, Gaya AM: Anti-angiogenesis therapies: their potential in cancer management. Onco Targets Ther. 2010 Jun 24;3:69-82. [20616958 ]

References

1. Kim JH, Scialli AR: Thalidomide: the tragedy of birth defects and the effective treatment of disease. Toxicol Sci. 2011 Jul;122(1):1-6. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr088. Epub 2011 Apr 19. [21507989 ]

General Function:

Metal ion binding

Specific Function:

Substrate recognition component of a DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 protein ligase complex that mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins, such as MEIS2. Normal degradation of key regulatory proteins is required for normal limb outgrowth and expression of the fibroblast growth factor FGF8. May play a role in memory and learning by regulating the assembly and neuronal surface expression of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels in brain regions involved in memory and learning via its interaction with KCNT1. Binding of pomalidomide and other thalidomide-related drugs changes the substrate specificity of the human protein, leading to decreased degradation of MEIS2 and other target proteins and increased degradation of MYC, IRF4, IKZF1 and IKZF3.

Gene Name:

CRBN

Uniprot ID:

Q96SW2

Molecular Weight:

50545.375 Da

References

1. Zhu YX, Kortuem KM, Stewart AK: Molecular mechanism of action of immune-modulatory drugs thalidomide, lenalidomide and pomalidomide in multiple myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013 Apr;54(4):683-7. doi: 10.3109/10428194.2012.728597. Epub 2012 Sep 28. [22966948 ]

General Function:

Not Available

Specific Function:

Functions as transport protein in the blood stream. Binds various ligands in the interior of its beta-barrel domain. Also binds synthetic drugs and influences their distribution and availability in the body. Appears to function in modulating the activity of the immune system during the acute-phase reaction.

Included Proteins:

P02763 , P19652

References

1. Turk BE, Jiang H, Liu JO: Binding of thalidomide to alpha1-acid glycoprotein may be involved in its inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Jul 23;93(15):7552-6. [8755512 ]

General Function:

Zinc ion binding

Specific Function:

Transcriptionally controlled transcription factor. Binds to DNA sites required for the transcription of alpha 1-antitrypsin, apolipoprotein CIII, transthyretin genes and HNF1-alpha. May be essential for development of the liver, kidney and intestine.

Gene Name:

HNF4A

Uniprot ID:

P41235

Molecular Weight:

52784.205 Da

References

1. Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]

General Function:

Zinc ion binding

Specific Function:

Nuclear receptor that binds and is activated by variety of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. Transcription factor that activates the transcription of multiple genes involved in the metabolism and secretion of potentially harmful xenobiotics, drugs and endogenous compounds. Activated by the antibiotic rifampicin and various plant metabolites, such as hyperforin, guggulipid, colupulone, and isoflavones. Response to specific ligands is species-specific. Activated by naturally occurring steroids, such as pregnenolone and progesterone. Binds to a response element in the promoters of the CYP3A4 and ABCB1/MDR1 genes.

Gene Name:

NR1I2

Uniprot ID:

O75469

Molecular Weight:

49761.245 Da

References

1. Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]