Biotin (T3D2690)

IdentificationTaxonomyBiological PropertiesPhysical PropertiesToxicity ProfileSpectraConcentrationsLinksReferencesGene RegulationTargets (10)XML
Targets (10)
Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2009-07-21 20:26:07 UTC
Update Date2014-12-24 20:25:49 UTC
Accession NumberT3D2690
Identification
Common NameBiotin
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionBiotin is an enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. Biotin is also known as vitamin H or B7 or coenzyme R. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk. Biotin has been recognized as an essential nutrient. Our biotin requirement is fulfilled in part through diet, through endogenous reutilization of biotin and perhaps through capture of biotin generated in the intestinal flora. The utilization of biotin for covalent attachment to carboxylases and its reutilization through the release of carboxylase biotin after proteolytic degradation constitutes the 'biotin cycle'. Biotin deficiency is associated with neurological manifestations, skin rash, hair loss and metabolic disturbances that are thought to relate to the various carboxylase deficiencies (metabolic ketoacidosis with lactic acidosis). It has also been suggested that biotin deficiency is associated with protein malnutrition, and that marginal biotin deficiency in pregnant women may be teratogenic. Biotin acts as a carboxyl carrier in carboxylation reactions. There are four biotin-dependent carboxylases in mammals: those of propionyl-CoA (PCC), 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA (MCC), pyruvate (PC) and acetyl-CoA carboxylases (isoforms ACC-1 and ACC-2). All but ACC-2 are mitochondrial enzymes. The biotin moiety is covalently bound to the epsilon amino group of a Lysine residue in each of these carboxylases in a domain 60-80 amino acids long. The domain is structurally similar among carboxylases from bacteria to mammals. There are four biotin-dependent carboxylases in mammals: those of propionyl-CoA (PCC), 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA (MCC), pyruvate (PC) and acetyl-CoA carboxylases (isoforms ACC-1 and ACC-2). All but ACC-2 are mitochondrial enzymes. The biotin moiety is covalently bound to the epsilon amino group of a Lys residue in each of these carboxylases in a domain 60-80 amino acids long. The domain is structurally similar among carboxylases from bacteria to mammals. Evidence is emerging that biotin participates in processes other than classical carboxylation reactions. Specifically, novel roles for biotin in cell signaling, gene expression, and chromatin structure have been identified in recent years. Human cells accumulate biotin by using both the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter and monocarboxylate transporter 1. These transporters and other biotin-binding proteins partition biotin to compartments involved in biotin signaling: cytoplasm, mitochondria, and nuclei. The activity of cell signals such as biotinyl-AMP, Sp1 and Sp3, nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, and receptor tyrosine kinases depends on biotin supply. Consistent with a role for biotin and its catabolites in modulating these cell signals, greater than 2000 biotin-dependent genes have been identified in various human tissues. Many biotin-dependent gene products play roles in signal transduction and localize to the cell nucleus, consistent with a role for biotin in cell signaling. Posttranscriptional events related to ribosomal activity and protein folding may further contribute to effects of biotin on gene expression. Finally, research has shown that biotinidase and holocarboxylase synthetase mediate covalent binding of biotin to histones (DNA-binding proteins), affecting chromatin structure; at least seven biotinylation sites have been identified in human histones. Biotinylation of histones appears to play a role in cell proliferation, gene silencing, and the cellular response to DNA repair. Roles for biotin in cell signaling and chromatin structure are consistent with the notion that biotin has a unique significance in cell biology. (2, 3).
Compound Type
  • Amine
  • Animal Toxin
  • Dietary Supplement
  • Drug
  • Ether
  • Food Toxin
  • Household Toxin
  • Metabolite
  • Micronutrient
  • Natural Compound
  • Nutraceutical
  • Organic Compound
  • Supplement
  • Vitamin B Complex
Chemical Structure
Thumb
MOLSDFPDBSMILESInChI
Synonyms
Synonym
(+)-Biotin
(+)-cis-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4]imidazole-4-valerate
(+)-cis-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4]imidazole-4-valeric acid
(3aS,4S,6aR)-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4-D]imidazole-4-valerate
(3aS,4S,6aR)-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4-D]imidazole-4-valeric acid
-(+)-biotin
1swk
1swn
1swr
5-(2-Oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-D]imidazol-4-yl)pentanoate
5-(2-Oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-D]imidazol-4-yl)pentanoic acid
Appearex
Biodermatin
Bioepiderm
Bios h
Bios II
Biotin Forte
Biotina
Biotine
Biotinum
cis-(+)-Tetrahydro-2-oxothieno[3,4]imidazoline-4-valerate
cis-(+)-Tetrahydro-2-oxothieno[3,4]imidazoline-4-valeric acid
cis-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4)imidazole-4-valeric acid
cis-Tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-D)imidazoline-4-valeric acid
Coenzyme R
D(+)-Biotin
D-(+)-Biotin
D-Biotin
D-Biotin factor S
delta-(+)-Biotin
delta-Biotin
delta-Biotin factor S
Factor S
Factor S (vitamin)
Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-D)imidazole-4-pentanoate
Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-D)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid
Hexahydro-2-oxo-[3aS-(3aa,4b,6aa)]-1H-Thieno[3,4-D]imidazole-4-pentanoate
Hexahydro-2-oxo-[3aS-(3aa,4b,6aa)]-1H-Thieno[3,4-D]imidazole-4-pentanoic acid
Hexahydro-2-oxo-[3as-(3alpha,4beta,6alpha)]-1H-Thieno[3,4-D]imidazole-4-pentanoate
Hexahydro-2-oxo-[3as-(3alpha,4beta,6alpha)]-1H-Thieno[3,4-D]imidazole-4-pentanoic acid
Lutavit H2
Meribin
Nail-ex
Rovimix H 2
Vitamin B7
Vitamin H
Vitamin-h
Chemical FormulaC10H16N2O3S
Average Molecular Mass244.311 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass244.088 g/mol
CAS Registry Number58-85-5
IUPAC Name5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxo-hexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid
Traditional Name5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxo-hexahydrothieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid
SMILES[H][C@@]1(CCCCC(O)=O)SC[C@]2([H])N=C(O)N[C@]12[H]
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C10H16N2O3S/c13-8(14)4-2-1-3-7-9-6(5-16-7)11-10(15)12-9/h6-7,9H,1-5H2,(H,13,14)(H2,11,12,15)/t6-,7-,9-/m0/s1
InChI KeyInChIKey=YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as biotin and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing a ureido (tetrahydroimidizalone) ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganoheterocyclic compounds
ClassBiotin and derivatives
Sub ClassNot Available
Direct ParentBiotin and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Biotin
  • Imidazolyl carboxylic acid derivative
  • Medium-chain fatty acid
  • Heterocyclic fatty acid
  • Thia fatty acid
  • Fatty acid
  • Fatty acyl
  • Thiolane
  • 2-imidazoline
  • Isourea
  • Azacycle
  • Dialkylthioether
  • Organic 1,3-dipolar compound
  • Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compound
  • Carboximidamide
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Thioether
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Carbonyl group
  • Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginEndogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
  • Mitochondria
  • Nucleus
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue Locations
  • All Tissues
  • Prostate
Pathways
NameSMPDB LinkKEGG Link
Biotin MetabolismSMP00066 map00780
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase deficiency 1 (PEPCK1)SMP00560 Not Available
Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase deficiencySMP00562 Not Available
Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1A (GSD1A) or Von Gierke DiseaseSMP00374 Not Available
2-Hydroxyglutric Aciduria (D And L Form)SMP00136 Not Available
Threonine and 2-Oxobutanoate DegradationSMP00452 Not Available
2-Methyl-3-Hydroxybutryl CoA Dehydrogenase DeficiencySMP00137 Not Available
2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex deficiencySMP00549 Not Available
3-Methylglutaconic Aciduria Type IVSMP00141 Not Available
3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Lyase DeficiencySMP00138 Not Available
3-Methylcrotonyl Coa Carboxylase Deficiency Type ISMP00237 Not Available
3-Methylglutaconic Aciduria Type ISMP00139 Not Available
3-Methylglutaconic Aciduria Type IIISMP00140 Not Available
3-hydroxyisobutyric acid dehydrogenase deficiencySMP00521 Not Available
3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduriaSMP00522 Not Available
4-Hydroxybutyric Aciduria/Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase DeficiencySMP00243 Not Available
Transfer of Acetyl Groups into MitochondriaSMP00466 Not Available
Citric Acid CycleSMP00057 map00020
Fatty Acid BiosynthesisSMP00456 map00061
Lactic AcidemiaSMP00313 Not Available
Propionic AcidemiaSMP00236 Not Available
Isovaleric acidemiaSMP00524 Not Available
Congenital lactic acidosisSMP00546 Not Available
Methylmalonic Aciduria Due to Cobalamin-Related DisordersSMP00201 Not Available
Malonic AciduriaSMP00198 Not Available
Isovaleric AciduriaSMP00238 Not Available
Methylmalonic AciduriaSMP00200 Not Available
Alanine MetabolismSMP00055 map00250
Ammonia RecyclingSMP00009 map00910
Beta-Ketothiolase DeficiencySMP00173 Not Available
Biotinidase DeficiencySMP00174 Not Available
Pyruvate Carboxylase DeficiencySMP00350 Not Available
Multiple carboxylase deficiency, neonatal or early onset formSMP00564 Not Available
Isobutyryl-coa dehydrogenase deficiencySMP00523 Not Available
Malonyl-coa decarboxylase deficiencySMP00502 Not Available
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex DeficiencySMP00212 Not Available
Mitochondrial complex II deficiencySMP00548 Not Available
Pyruvate Decarboxylase E1 Component Deficiency (PDHE1 Deficiency)SMP00334 Not Available
Methylmalonate Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase DeficiencySMP00384 Not Available
Fumarase deficiencySMP00547 Not Available
Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency (E3)SMP00550 Not Available
Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency (E2)SMP00551 Not Available
Pyruvate kinase deficiencySMP00559 Not Available
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiencySMP00567 Not Available
Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine DegradationSMP00032 map00280
Maple Syrup Urine DiseaseSMP00199 Not Available
Glycogenosis, Type IA. Von gierke diseaseSMP00581 Not Available
GluconeogenesisSMP00128 Not Available
Glutamate MetabolismSMP00072 map00250
Glycogenosis, Type IBSMP00573 Not Available
Glycogenosis, Type ICSMP00574 Not Available
HomocarnosinosisSMP00385 Not Available
Hyperinsulinism-Hyperammonemia SyndromeSMP00339 Not Available
Primary Hyperoxaluria Type ISMP00352 Not Available
Primary hyperoxaluria II, PH2SMP00558 Not Available
Triosephosphate isomeraseSMP00563 Not Available
Leigh SyndromeSMP00196 Not Available
Pyruvate MetabolismSMP00060 map00620
Propanoate MetabolismSMP00016 map00640
Applications
Biological Roles
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceWhite powder.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting Point232 dec°C
Boiling PointNot Available
Solubility220 mg/L (at 25°C)
LogP0.5
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility1.22 g/LALOGPS
logP0.17ALOGPS
logP0.32ChemAxon
logS-2.3ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)4.4ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-1.9ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count3ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area78.43 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count5ChemAxon
Refractivity60.05 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability24.92 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings2ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)splash10-0f76-1960000000-b21ddd69490cac3254f82014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS)splash10-0f76-3960000000-a8a94e2de123f66979d82014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0f76-1960000000-b21ddd69490cac3254f82017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-0f76-3960000000-a8a94e2de123f66979d82017-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0006-6910000000-11bfe0a5a77f7dfaa8c52016-09-22View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00dl-9680000000-eb01d8147a82f7982b542017-10-06View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negativesplash10-0006-0090000000-6d956bb533d353d449c92012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negativesplash10-0006-0190000000-01f67d1bdf8c742e48c82012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negativesplash10-0fxx-3920000000-f0b9613cbd9371e4be922012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negativesplash10-0006-9400000000-107f2a44f521c25135782012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negativesplash10-0006-9000000000-1a3f65d909dc40055e872012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT (LC/MSD Trap XCT, Agilent Technologies) , Positivesplash10-004i-0090000000-c928e8d0a18f3f8482622012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT (LC/MSD Trap XCT, Agilent Technologies) , Positivesplash10-066s-1920000000-5f795e0b7f1d7cf986e52012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT (LC/MSD Trap XCT, Agilent Technologies) , Positivesplash10-0ar1-1920000000-c298be862857cb3bbc7f2012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT (LC/MSD Trap XCT, Agilent Technologies) , Positivesplash10-000t-0900000000-cdc4a4c359ff765fd32d2012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , Positivesplash10-05xs-1920000000-3be430b63e9c748c681a2017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativesplash10-0006-0090000000-bcffb0dcf77e8fd727a42017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativesplash10-0f6x-0390000000-c209523d36e9a7681f442017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativesplash10-0006-0090000000-c0f81ee86772310db4152017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativesplash10-0006-0190000000-016eb89528e564c747202017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativesplash10-0fxx-3920000000-f0b9613cbd9371e4be922017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativesplash10-0006-9400000000-107f2a44f521c25135782017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativesplash10-0006-9000000000-d08e1b3709844e1e91b02017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativesplash10-0006-0190000000-21d0f2512788276bbb892017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , negativesplash10-0udj-0690000000-dc372934024e58bdcc602017-09-14View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-002b-0290000000-43932f104dea28cbdfb82016-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0002-1960000000-d3673c6bc624b97f35be2016-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-052f-9600000000-00a4e152d89024a9b4232016-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-0006-1390000000-3f4b512cfa57b894ff942016-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-0f6y-7890000000-ea1e647fc5b31e42af0b2016-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0006-9100000000-e139c928dcc46b225bdb2016-09-12View Spectrum
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-01pt-9500000000-a1e1ec56cf32236ac6b12018-05-25View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2012-12-04View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, D2O, experimental)Not Available2016-10-22View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, D2O, experimental)Not Available2016-10-22View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, H2O, predicted)Not Available2022-08-20View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, 100%_DMSO, experimental)Not Available2012-12-04View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 1H]-TOCSY. Unexported temporarily by An Chi on Oct 15, 2021 until json or nmrML file is generated. 2D NMR Spectrum (experimental)Not Available2012-12-04View Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of ExposureOral. Systemic - approximately 50%
Mechanism of ToxicityBiotin is necessary for the proper functioning of enzymes that transport carboxyl units and fix carbon dioxide, and is required for various metabolic functions, including gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, propionate metabolism, and catabolism of branched-chain amino acids.
MetabolismNot Available
Toxicity ValuesNot Available
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Uses/SourcesFor nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance.
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsNot Available
SymptomsProlonged skin contact may cause irritation.
TreatmentNot Available
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDDB00121
HMDB IDHMDB00030
PubChem Compound ID171548
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL857
ChemSpider ID149962
KEGG IDC00120
UniProt IDNot Available
OMIM ID104620 , 107970 , 135630 , 138320 , 142705 , 152445 , 164840 , 180640 , 186790 , 188370 , 188411 , 189918 , 189919 , 189920 , 200350 , 210200 , 210210 , 232000 , 232050 , 245400 , 253260 , 253270 , 266150 , 271930 , 275550 , 603032 , 604024 , 606054 , 606152 , 606557 , 606558 , 607483 , 608786 , 609010 , 609014 , 609018 , 609019 , 609751 , 610509
ChEBI ID15956
BioCyc IDBIOTIN
CTD IDNot Available
Stitch IDBiotin
PDB IDBTN
ACToR ID2312
Wikipedia LinkBiotin
References
Synthesis Reference

Takayoshi Mitsunaga, Kiyoto Chinushi, Tadashi Umezu, “Water-soluble biotin-containing preparation.” U.S. Patent US4277488, issued May, 1940.

MSDSLink
General References
  1. Holmberg A, Blomstergren A, Nord O, Lukacs M, Lundeberg J, Uhlen M: The biotin-streptavidin interaction can be reversibly broken using water at elevated temperatures. Electrophoresis. 2005 Feb;26(3):501-10. [15690449 ]
  2. Gravel RA, Narang MA: Molecular genetics of biotin metabolism: old vitamin, new science. J Nutr Biochem. 2005 Jul;16(7):428-31. [15992684 ]
  3. Zempleni J: Uptake, localization, and noncarboxylase roles of biotin. Annu Rev Nutr. 2005;25:175-96. [16011464 ]
  4. Thuy LP, Belmont J, Nyhan WL: Prenatal diagnosis and treatment of holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency. Prenat Diagn. 1999 Feb;19(2):108-12. [10215065 ]
  5. Zempleni J, McCormick DB, Mock DM: Identification of biotin sulfone, bisnorbiotin methyl ketone, and tetranorbiotin-l-sulfoxide in human urine. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Feb;65(2):508-11. [9022537 ]
  6. Bussolati G, Gugliotta P, Volante M, Pace M, Papotti M: Retrieved endogenous biotin: a novel marker and a potential pitfall in diagnostic immunohistochemistry. Histopathology. 1997 Nov;31(5):400-7. [9416479 ]
  7. Mock DM, Stadler DD, Stratton SL, Mock NI: Biotin status assessed longitudinally in pregnant women. J Nutr. 1997 May;127(5):710-6. [9164991 ]
  8. Thuy LP, Sweetman L, Nyhan WL: A new immunochemical assay for biotin. Clin Chim Acta. 1991 Oct 31;202(3):191-7. [1814646 ]
  9. Limat A, Suormala T, Hunziker T, Waelti ER, Braathen LR, Baumgartner R: Proliferation and differentiation of cultured human follicular keratinocytes are not influenced by biotin. Arch Dermatol Res. 1996;288(1):31-8. [8750932 ]
  10. Bigham SL, Ballard JD, Giles KD, Clelland CS, Jeffcoat R, Griffin KS, Farley TD, Bushman DR, Wright JR: Synthesis and possible applications of biotin-linked copper clusters. Physiol Chem Phys Med NMR. 1990;22(2):63-72. [2100006 ]
  11. Mock DM, Stadler DD: Conflicting indicators of biotin status from a cross-sectional study of normal pregnancy. J Am Coll Nutr. 1997 Jun;16(3):252-7. [9176832 ]
  12. Bingham JP, Bian S, Tan ZY, Takacs Z, Moczydlowski E: Synthesis of a biotin derivative of iberiotoxin: binding interactions with streptavidin and the BK Ca2+-activated K+ channel expressed in a human cell line. Bioconjug Chem. 2006 May-Jun;17(3):689-99. [16704206 ]
  13. Mock DM: Biotin status: which are valid indicators and how do we know? J Nutr. 1999 Feb;129(2S Suppl):498S-503S. [10064317 ]
  14. Mock DM, Dyken ME: Biotin catabolism is accelerated in adults receiving long-term therapy with anticonvulsants. Neurology. 1997 Nov;49(5):1444-7. [9371938 ]
  15. Mock DM, Nyalala JO, Raguseo RM: A direct streptavidin-binding assay does not accurately quantitate biotin in human urine. J Nutr. 2001 Aug;131(8):2208-14. [11481419 ]
  16. Mardach R, Zempleni J, Wolf B, Cannon MJ, Jennings ML, Cress S, Boylan J, Roth S, Cederbaum S, Mock DM: Biotin dependency due to a defect in biotin transport. J Clin Invest. 2002 Jun;109(12):1617-23. [12070309 ]
  17. Mock DM, Heird GM: Urinary biotin analogs increase in humans during chronic supplementation: the analogs are biotin metabolites. Am J Physiol. 1997 Jan;272(1 Pt 1):E83-5. [9038855 ]
  18. Fujimoto W, Inaoki M, Fukui T, Inoue Y, Kuhara T: Biotin deficiency in an infant fed with amino acid formula. J Dermatol. 2005 Apr;32(4):256-61. [15863846 ]
  19. Schenker S, Hu ZQ, Johnson RF, Yang Y, Frosto T, Elliott BD, Henderson GI, Mock DM: Human placental biotin transport: normal characteristics and effect of ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1993 Jun;17(3):566-75. [8333586 ]
  20. Mock NI, Malik MI, Stumbo PJ, Bishop WP, Mock DM: Increased urinary excretion of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid and decreased urinary excretion of biotin are sensitive early indicators of decreased biotin status in experimental biotin deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Apr;65(4):951-8. [9094878 ]
  21. Grafe F, Wohlrab W, Neubert RH, Brandsch M: Transport of biotin in human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2003 Mar;120(3):428-33. [12603856 ]
  22. Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762. [19212411 ]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated Genes
GeneGene SymbolGene IDInteractionChromosomeDetails
Down-Regulated Genes
GeneGene SymbolGene IDInteractionChromosomeDetails

Targets

Target Details
1. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1
General Function:
Metal ion binding
Specific Function:
Catalyzes the rate-limiting reaction in the biogenesis of long-chain fatty acids. Carries out three functions: biotin carboxyl carrier protein, biotin carboxylase and carboxyltransferase.
Gene Name:
ACACA
Uniprot ID:
Q13085
Molecular Weight:
265551.725 Da
References
  1. Bilder P, Lightle S, Bainbridge G, Ohren J, Finzel B, Sun F, Holley S, Al-Kassim L, Spessard C, Melnick M, Newcomer M, Waldrop GL: The structure of the carboxyltransferase component of acetyl-coA carboxylase reveals a zinc-binding motif unique to the bacterial enzyme. Biochemistry. 2006 Feb 14;45(6):1712-22. [16460018 ]
  2. Brownsey RW, Boone AN, Elliott JE, Kulpa JE, Lee WM: Regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Biochem Soc Trans. 2006 Apr;34(Pt 2):223-7. [16545081 ]
  3. Aoki H, Kimura K, Igarashi K, Takenaka A: Soy protein suppresses gene expression of acetyl-coA carboxylase alpha from promoter PI in rat liver. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2006 Apr;70(4):843-9. [16636450 ]
  4. Santoro N, Brtva T, Roest SV, Siegel K, Waldrop GL: A high-throughput screening assay for the carboxyltransferase subunit of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Anal Biochem. 2006 Jul 1;354(1):70-7. Epub 2006 May 3. [16707089 ]
  5. Leonard E, Lim KH, Saw PN, Koffas MA: Engineering central metabolic pathways for high-level flavonoid production in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Jun;73(12):3877-86. Epub 2007 Apr 27. [17468269 ]
Target Details
2. Propionyl-CoA carboxylase alpha chain, mitochondrial
General Function:
Propionyl-coa carboxylase activity
Specific Function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
PCCA
Uniprot ID:
P05165
Molecular Weight:
80058.295 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [17016423 ]
  3. Clavero S, Martinez MA, Perez B, Perez-Cerda C, Ugarte M, Desviat LR: Functional characterization of PCCA mutations causing propionic acidemia. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002 Nov 20;1588(2):119-25. [12385775 ]
  4. Cherbonnel-Lasserre CL, Linares-Cruz G, Rigaut JP, Sabatier L, Dutrillaux B: Strong decrease in biotin content may correlate with metabolic alterations in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer. 1997 Sep 4;72(5):768-75. [9311592 ]
  5. Vlasova TI, Stratton SL, Wells AM, Mock NI, Mock DM: Biotin deficiency reduces expression of SLC19A3, a potential biotin transporter, in leukocytes from human blood. J Nutr. 2005 Jan;135(1):42-7. [15623830 ]
Target Details
3. Propionyl-CoA carboxylase beta chain, mitochondrial
General Function:
Propionyl-coa carboxylase activity
Specific Function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
PCCB
Uniprot ID:
P05166
Molecular Weight:
58215.13 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [17016423 ]
  3. Cherbonnel-Lasserre CL, Linares-Cruz G, Rigaut JP, Sabatier L, Dutrillaux B: Strong decrease in biotin content may correlate with metabolic alterations in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer. 1997 Sep 4;72(5):768-75. [9311592 ]
  4. Vlasova TI, Stratton SL, Wells AM, Mock NI, Mock DM: Biotin deficiency reduces expression of SLC19A3, a potential biotin transporter, in leukocytes from human blood. J Nutr. 2005 Jan;135(1):42-7. [15623830 ]
  5. Ishii M, Chuakrut S, Arai H, Igarashi Y: Occurrence, biochemistry and possible biotechnological application of the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2004 Jun;64(5):605-10. Epub 2004 Feb 28. [14997352 ]
Target Details
4. Pyruvate carboxylase, mitochondrial
General Function:
Pyruvate carboxylase activity
Specific Function:
Pyruvate carboxylase catalyzes a 2-step reaction, involving the ATP-dependent carboxylation of the covalently attached biotin in the first step and the transfer of the carboxyl group to pyruvate in the second. Catalyzes in a tissue specific manner, the initial reactions of glucose (liver, kidney) and lipid (adipose tissue, liver, brain) synthesis from pyruvate.
Gene Name:
PC
Uniprot ID:
P11498
Molecular Weight:
129632.565 Da
References
  1. Liu L, Li Y, Zhu Y, Du G, Chen J: Redistribution of carbon flux in Torulopsis glabrata by altering vitamin and calcium level. Metab Eng. 2007 Jan;9(1):21-9. Epub 2006 Aug 12. [17008113 ]
  2. Ferreira G, Weiss WP: Effect of biotin on activity and gene expression of biotin-dependent carboxylases in the liver of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2007 Mar;90(3):1460-6. [17297119 ]
  3. Jitrapakdee S, Surinya KH, Adina-Zada A, Polyak SW, Stojkoski C, Smyth R, Booker GW, Cleland WW, Attwood PV, Wallace JC: Conserved Glu40 and Glu433 of the biotin carboxylase domain of yeast pyruvate carboxylase I isoenzyme are essential for the association of tetramers. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2007;39(11):2120-34. Epub 2007 Jun 27. [17659996 ]
  4. Jitrapakdee S, Adina-Zada A, Besant PG, Surinya KH, Cleland WW, Wallace JC, Attwood PV: Differential regulation of the yeast isozymes of pyruvate carboxylase and the locus of action of acetyl CoA. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2007;39(6):1211-23. Epub 2007 Mar 30. [17478118 ]
  5. Ozimek PZ, Klompmaker SH, Visser N, Veenhuis M, van der Klei IJ: The transcarboxylase domain of pyruvate carboxylase is essential for assembly of the peroxisomal flavoenzyme alcohol oxidase. FEMS Yeast Res. 2007 Oct;7(7):1082-92. Epub 2007 Feb 20. [17316367 ]
Target Details
5. Methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase beta chain, mitochondrial
General Function:
Methylcrotonoyl-coa carboxylase activity
Specific Function:
Carboxyltransferase subunit of the 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA to 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA, a critical step for leucine and isovaleric acid catabolism.
Gene Name:
MCCC2
Uniprot ID:
Q9HCC0
Molecular Weight:
61332.65 Da
References
  1. Jitrapakdee S, Surinya KH, Adina-Zada A, Polyak SW, Stojkoski C, Smyth R, Booker GW, Cleland WW, Attwood PV, Wallace JC: Conserved Glu40 and Glu433 of the biotin carboxylase domain of yeast pyruvate carboxylase I isoenzyme are essential for the association of tetramers. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2007;39(11):2120-34. Epub 2007 Jun 27. [17659996 ]
  2. Santoro N, Brtva T, Roest SV, Siegel K, Waldrop GL: A high-throughput screening assay for the carboxyltransferase subunit of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Anal Biochem. 2006 Jul 1;354(1):70-7. Epub 2006 May 3. [16707089 ]
  3. de Queiroz MS, Waldrop GL: Modeling and numerical simulation of biotin carboxylase kinetics: implications for half-sites reactivity. J Theor Biol. 2007 May 7;246(1):167-75. Epub 2006 Dec 28. [17266990 ]
  4. Ludke A, Kramer R, Burkovski A, Schluesener D, Poetsch A: A proteomic study of Corynebacterium glutamicum AAA+ protease FtsH. BMC Microbiol. 2007 Jan 25;7:6. [17254330 ]
Target Details
6. Sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter
General Function:
Sodium-dependent multivitamin transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function:
Transports pantothenate, biotin and lipoate in the presence of sodium.
Gene Name:
SLC5A6
Uniprot ID:
Q9Y289
Molecular Weight:
68641.27 Da
References
  1. Luo S, Kansara VS, Zhu X, Mandava NK, Pal D, Mitra AK: Functional characterization of sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter in MDCK-MDR1 cells and its utilization as a target for drug delivery. Mol Pharm. 2006 May-Jun;3(3):329-39. [16749865 ]
  2. Janoria KG, Hariharan S, Paturi D, Pal D, Mitra AK: Biotin uptake by rabbit corneal epithelial cells: role of sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT). Curr Eye Res. 2006 Oct;31(10):797-809. [17038304 ]
  3. Reidling JC, Said HM: Regulation of the human biotin transporter hSMVT promoter by KLF-4 and AP-2: confirmation of promoter activity in vivo. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2007 Apr;292(4):C1305-12. Epub 2006 Nov 29. [17135299 ]
  4. Camporeale G, Zempleni J, Eissenberg JC: Susceptibility to heat stress and aberrant gene expression patterns in holocarboxylase synthetase-deficient Drosophila melanogaster are caused by decreased biotinylation of histones, not of carboxylases. J Nutr. 2007 Apr;137(4):885-9. [17374649 ]
Target Details
7. Biotin--protein ligase
General Function:
Enzyme binding
Specific Function:
Post-translational modification of specific protein by attachment of biotin. Acts on various carboxylases such as acetyl-CoA-carboxylase, pyruvate carboxylase, propionyl CoA carboxylase, and 3-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase.
Gene Name:
HLCS
Uniprot ID:
P50747
Molecular Weight:
80759.345 Da
References
  1. Velazquez-Arellano A: From an inborn error patient to a search for regulatory meaning: a biotin conducted voyage. Mol Genet Metab. 2006 Mar;87(3):194-7. Epub 2005 Dec 15. [16359899 ]
  2. Hassan YI, Zempleni J: Epigenetic regulation of chromatin structure and gene function by biotin. J Nutr. 2006 Jul;136(7):1763-5. [16772434 ]
  3. Camporeale G, Giordano E, Rendina R, Zempleni J, Eissenberg JC: Drosophila melanogaster holocarboxylase synthetase is a chromosomal protein required for normal histone biotinylation, gene transcription patterns, lifespan, and heat tolerance. J Nutr. 2006 Nov;136(11):2735-42. [17056793 ]
Target Details
8. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2
General Function:
Metal ion binding
Specific Function:
Catalyzes the ATP-dependent carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. Carries out three functions: biotin carboxyl carrier protein, biotin carboxylase and carboxyltransferase. Involved in inhibition of fatty acid and glucose oxidation and enhancement of fat storage (By similarity). May play a role in regulation of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation through malonyl-CoA-dependent inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (By similarity).
Gene Name:
ACACB
Uniprot ID:
O00763
Molecular Weight:
276538.575 Da
References
  1. Liu Y, Zalameda L, Kim KW, Wang M, McCarter JD: Discovery of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase 2 inhibitors: comparison of a fluorescence intensity-based phosphate assay and a fluorescence polarization-based ADP Assay for high-throughput screening. Assay Drug Dev Technol. 2007 Apr;5(2):225-35. [17477831 ]
Target Details
9. Methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase subunit alpha, mitochondrial
General Function:
Methylcrotonoyl-coa carboxylase activity
Specific Function:
Biotin-attachment subunit of the 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA to 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA, a critical step for leucine and isovaleric acid catabolism.
Gene Name:
MCCC1
Uniprot ID:
Q96RQ3
Molecular Weight:
80472.45 Da
References
  1. Friebel D, von der Hagen M, Baumgartner ER, Fowler B, Hahn G, Feyh P, Heubner G, Baumgartner MR, Hoffmann GF: The first case of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (MCC) deficiency responsive to biotin. Neuropediatrics. 2006 Apr;37(2):72-8. [16773504 ]
Target Details
10. Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1
General Function:
Syntaxin binding
Specific Function:
Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase that plays a role in many key processes linked to cell growth and survival such as cytoskeleton remodeling in response to extracellular stimuli, cell motility and adhesion, receptor endocytosis, autophagy, DNA damage response and apoptosis. Coordinates actin remodeling through tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins controlling cytoskeleton dynamics like WASF3 (involved in branch formation); ANXA1 (involved in membrane anchoring); DBN1, DBNL, CTTN, RAPH1 and ENAH (involved in signaling); or MAPT and PXN (microtubule-binding proteins). Phosphorylation of WASF3 is critical for the stimulation of lamellipodia formation and cell migration. Involved in the regulation of cell adhesion and motility through phosphorylation of key regulators of these processes such as BCAR1, CRK, CRKL, DOK1, EFS or NEDD9. Phosphorylates multiple receptor tyrosine kinases and more particularly promotes endocytosis of EGFR, facilitates the formation of neuromuscular synapses through MUSK, inhibits PDGFRB-mediated chemotaxis and modulates the endocytosis of activated B-cell receptor complexes. Other substrates which are involved in endocytosis regulation are the caveolin (CAV1) and RIN1. Moreover, ABL1 regulates the CBL family of ubiquitin ligases that drive receptor down-regulation and actin remodeling. Phosphorylation of CBL leads to increased EGFR stability. Involved in late-stage autophagy by regulating positively the trafficking and function of lysosomal components. ABL1 targets to mitochondria in response to oxidative stress and thereby mediates mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. ABL1 is also translocated in the nucleus where it has DNA-binding activity and is involved in DNA-damage response and apoptosis. Many substrates are known mediators of DNA repair: DDB1, DDB2, ERCC3, ERCC6, RAD9A, RAD51, RAD52 or WRN. Activates the proapoptotic pathway when the DNA damage is too severe to be repaired. Phosphorylates TP73, a primary regulator for this type of damage-induced apoptosis. Phosphorylates the caspase CASP9 on 'Tyr-153' and regulates its processing in the apoptotic response to DNA damage. Phosphorylates PSMA7 that leads to an inhibition of proteasomal activity and cell cycle transition blocks. ABL1 acts also as a regulator of multiple pathological signaling cascades during infection. Several known tyrosine-phosphorylated microbial proteins have been identified as ABL1 substrates. This is the case of A36R of Vaccinia virus, Tir (translocated intimin receptor) of pathogenic E.coli and possibly Citrobacter, CagA (cytotoxin-associated gene A) of H.pylori, or AnkA (ankyrin repeat-containing protein A) of A.phagocytophilum. Pathogens can highjack ABL1 kinase signaling to reorganize the host actin cytoskeleton for multiple purposes, like facilitating intracellular movement and host cell exit. Finally, functions as its own regulator through autocatalytic activity as well as through phosphorylation of its inhibitor, ABI1.
Gene Name:
ABL1
Uniprot ID:
P00519
Molecular Weight:
122871.435 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
IC500.52866 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 12
IC50>0.00373 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 12
References
  1. Liu T, Lin Y, Wen X, Jorissen RN, Gilson MK: BindingDB: a web-accessible database of experimentally determined protein-ligand binding affinities. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007 Jan;35(Database issue):D198-201. Epub 2006 Dec 1. [17145705 ]