Apomorphine (T3D2867)

IdentificationTaxonomyBiological PropertiesPhysical PropertiesToxicity ProfileSpectraConcentrationsLinksReferencesGene RegulationTargets (27)XML
Targets (27)
Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2009-07-21 20:27:28 UTC
Update Date2014-12-24 20:25:52 UTC
Accession NumberT3D2867
Identification
Common NameApomorphine
ClassSmall Molecule
DescriptionA derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use. [PubChem]
Compound Type
  • Amine
  • Antidyskinetic
  • Antiparkinson Agent
  • Dopamine Agonist
  • Drug
  • Metabolite
  • Organic Compound
  • Synthetic Compound
Chemical Structure
Thumb
MOLSDFPDBSMILESInChI
Synonyms
Synonym
(-)-10,11-Dihydroxyaporphine
(6AR)-6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-10,11-diol
(R)-5,6,6a,7-Tetrahydro-6-methyl-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-10,11-diol
(−)-10,11-dihydroxyaporphine
Apokyn
Apomorfin
Apomorphin
Apomorphine Hydrochloride Hemihydrate
Apomorphinium Chloride Hemihydrate
Apormorphine
Ixense
L-Apomorphine
R-(-)-Apomorphine
R-(−)-apomorphine
Spontane
Uprima
VR-040
VR-400
VR004
Chemical FormulaC17H17NO2
Average Molecular Mass267.322 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass267.126 g/mol
CAS Registry Number41372-20-7
IUPAC Name(9R)-10-methyl-10-azatetracyclo[7.7.1.0²,⁷.0¹³,¹⁷]heptadeca-1(16),2(7),3,5,13(17),14-hexaene-3,4-diol
Traditional Nameapomorphine
SMILES[H][C@]12CC3=C(C(O)=C(O)C=C3)C3=CC=CC(CCN1C)=C23
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C17H17NO2/c1-18-8-7-10-3-2-4-12-15(10)13(18)9-11-5-6-14(19)17(20)16(11)12/h2-6,13,19-20H,7-9H2,1H3/t13-/m1/s1
InChI KeyInChIKey=VMWNQDUVQKEIOC-CYBMUJFWSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aporphines. These are quinoline alkaloids containing the dibenzo[de,g]quinoline ring system or a dehydrogenated derivative thereof.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassAlkaloids and derivatives
ClassAporphines
Sub ClassNot Available
Direct ParentAporphines
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Aporphine
  • Benzoquinoline
  • Phenanthrene
  • 2-naphthol
  • 1-naphthol
  • Naphthalene
  • Quinoline
  • Tetrahydroisoquinoline
  • 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
  • 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid
  • Aralkylamine
  • Benzenoid
  • Tertiary aliphatic amine
  • Tertiary amine
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Azacycle
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Amine
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Biological Properties
StatusDetected and Not Quantified
OriginExogenous
Cellular Locations
  • Membrane
Biofluid LocationsNot Available
Tissue LocationsNot Available
PathwaysNot Available
ApplicationsNot Available
Biological RolesNot Available
Chemical RolesNot Available
Physical Properties
StateSolid
AppearanceWhite powder.
Experimental Properties
PropertyValue
Melting PointNot Available
Boiling PointNot Available
Solubility1.66E+004 mg/L
LogP3.1
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.51 g/LALOGPS
logP2.51ALOGPS
logP2.87ChemAxon
logS-2.7ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)6.58ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)13.25ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area43.7 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count0ChemAxon
Refractivity79.99 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability29.7 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings4ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0gb9-0190000000-4a508d96ec3f544ad0a52017-09-01View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-01vt-1119000000-110790047aaa5266ec7d2017-10-06View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positivesplash10-014r-0090000000-29608efdadd8efd375a62017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positivesplash10-000i-0090000000-052772c02bbf103a3ef52017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positivesplash10-00kr-0290000000-1e831a8078d43cfbdb512017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positivesplash10-000i-0090000000-49baaafc781fbd1a40ea2017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positivesplash10-000i-0090000000-b2abd157ce4880c73d0b2017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positivesplash10-000i-0090000000-b747e9bb748f801c3f502017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positivesplash10-000i-0090000000-1a55345a571167f3fca62017-09-14View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 70V, Positivesplash10-000i-0090000000-ed5921a3fdc051a624bb2021-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 55V, Positivesplash10-000i-0090000000-50fac0317064f1a8e9982021-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 35V, Positivesplash10-000i-0090000000-d6d6335388339cbc130c2021-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 45V, Positivesplash10-000i-0090000000-d32f4b1b32d737f2a5372021-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-00kr-0190000000-17116473412ddf117f0e2021-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-014i-0090000000-eacc7753be54416bffbc2021-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 30V, Positivesplash10-0006-0940000000-2986f1c61e42342e16072021-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0006-0900000000-ea1c772d74d365c179972021-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 75V, Positivesplash10-0006-0900000000-2ba14c246f29623c1b822021-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 75V, Positivesplash10-0006-0910000000-2ba14c246f29623c1b822021-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 60V, Positivesplash10-0006-0930000000-bdce5d0ee1156f3d67112021-09-20View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 30V, Positivesplash10-00kr-0090000000-01bd77f545e298f9d50e2021-09-20View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-014i-0090000000-0329e43d2073db5426bb2016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-014r-0190000000-4dc4f5ea615d9b0a78e22016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-05xu-1950000000-298a2d8a85a2417326772016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-014i-0090000000-8dcf24a32f1f7baba7c22016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-014i-0090000000-734acff31070eb2a5a842016-08-03View Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0udl-2190000000-5a6e0c712dad2d12eaa92016-08-03View Spectrum
Toxicity Profile
Route of Exposure100% following subcutaneous administration
Mechanism of ToxicityThe precise mechanism of action of apomorphine as a treatment for Parkinson's disease is unknown, although it is believed to be due to stimulation of post-synaptic dopamine D2-type receptors within the brain. Apomorphine has been shown to improve motor function in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. In particular, apomorphine attenuates the motor deficits induced by lesions in the ascending nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway with the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in primates.
MetabolismHepatic Half Life: 40 minutes (range 30 - 60 minutes)
Toxicity ValuesLD50: 0.6 mmoles/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (6)
Lethal DoseNot Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification)No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).
Uses/SourcesFor the acute, intermittent treatment of hypomobility, off episodes (end-of-dose wearing off and unpredictable on/off episodes) associated with advanced Parkinson's disease.
Minimum Risk LevelNot Available
Health EffectsNot Available
SymptomsNot Available
TreatmentNot Available
Normal Concentrations
Not Available
Abnormal Concentrations
Not Available
DrugBank IDDB00714
HMDB IDHMDB14852
PubChem Compound ID6005
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL53
ChemSpider ID5783
KEGG IDNot Available
UniProt IDNot Available
OMIM ID
ChEBI ID48538
BioCyc IDNot Available
CTD IDNot Available
Stitch IDApomorphine
PDB IDNot Available
ACToR IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkApomorphine
References
Synthesis Reference

Narayanasamy Gurusamy, “Process for Making Apomorphine and Apocodeine.” U.S. Patent US20100228032, issued September 09, 2010.

MSDSLink
General References
  1. Matsumoto K, Yoshida M, Andersson KE, Hedlund P: Effects in vitro and in vivo by apomorphine in the rat corpus cavernosum. Br J Pharmacol. 2005 Sep;146(2):259-67. [16025145 ]
  2. SCHWAB RS, AMADOR LV, LETTVIN JY: Apomorphine in Parkinson's disease. Trans Am Neurol Assoc. 1951;56:251-3. [14913646 ]
  3. Cotzias GC, Papavasiliou PS, Fehling C, Kaufman B, Mena I: Similarities between neurologic effects of L-dipa and of apomorphine. N Engl J Med. 1970 Jan 1;282(1):31-3. [4901383 ]
  4. Corsini GU, Del Zompo M, Gessa GL, Mangoni A: Therapeutic efficacy of apomorphine combined with an extracerebral inhibitor of dopamine receptors in Parkinson's disease. Lancet. 1979 May 5;1(8123):954-6. [87620 ]
  5. Chaudhuri KR, Clough C: Subcutaneous apomorphine in Parkinson's disease. BMJ. 1998 Feb 28;316(7132):641. [9522772 ]
  6. Wishart DS, Knox C, Guo AC, Cheng D, Shrivastava S, Tzur D, Gautam B, Hassanali M: DrugBank: a knowledgebase for drugs, drug actions and drug targets. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008 Jan;36(Database issue):D901-6. Epub 2007 Nov 29. [18048412 ]
Gene Regulation
Up-Regulated GenesNot Available
Down-Regulated GenesNot Available

Targets

Target Details
1. D(2) dopamine receptor
General Function:
Potassium channel regulator activity
Specific Function:
Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase.
Gene Name:
DRD2
Uniprot ID:
P14416
Molecular Weight:
50618.91 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
Inhibitory0.00062 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
Inhibitory0.0036 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
Inhibitory0.026 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
Inhibitory0.028 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
Inhibitory0.032 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
Inhibitory0.0416 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
Inhibitory0.0419 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
Inhibitory0.05 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
Inhibitory0.053 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
Inhibitory0.098 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
Inhibitory0.244 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
Inhibitory>0.217 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
Dissociation0.00066 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
Dissociation0.024 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
Dissociation0.127 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
References
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [11752352 ]
  2. Yamada S, Harano M, Annoh N, Nakamura K, Tanaka M: Involvement of serotonin 2A receptors in phencyclidine-induced disruption of prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle in rats. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Sep 15;46(6):832-8. [10494453 ]
  3. Kim HJ, Koh PO, Kang SS, Paik WY, Choi WS: The localization of dopamine D2 receptor mRNA in the human placenta and the anti-angiogenic effect of apomorphine in the chorioallantoic membrane. Life Sci. 2001 Jan 19;68(9):1031-40. [11212866 ]
  4. Yamada S: [Disruption of prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle as an animal model for schizophrenia]. Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2000 Oct;20(4):131-9. [11215397 ]
  5. Berlin I, de Brettes B, Aymard G, Diquet B, Arnulf I, Puech AJ: Dopaminergic drug response and the genotype (Taq IA polymorphism) of the dopamine D2 receptor. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2000 Mar;3(1):35-43. [11343576 ]
  6. Lucht MJ, Kuehn KU, Schroeder W, Armbruster J, Abraham G, Schattenberg A, Gaensicke M, Barnow S, Tretzel H, Herrmann FH, Freyberger HJ: Influence of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) exon 8 genotype on efficacy of tiapride and clinical outcome of alcohol withdrawal. Pharmacogenetics. 2001 Nov;11(8):647-53. [11692072 ]
  7. Ramsby S, Neumeyer JL, Grigoriadis D, Seeman P: 2-Haloaporphines as potent dopamine agonists. J Med Chem. 1989 Jun;32(6):1198-201. [2524592 ]
  8. Brusniak MY, Pearlman RS, Neve KA, Wilcox RE: Comparative molecular field analysis-based prediction of drug affinities at recombinant D1A dopamine receptors. J Med Chem. 1996 Feb 16;39(4):850-9. [8632409 ]
  9. Pettersson F, Ponten H, Waters N, Waters S, Sonesson C: Synthesis and evaluation of a set of 4-phenylpiperidines and 4-phenylpiperazines as D2 receptor ligands and the discovery of the dopaminergic stabilizer 4-[3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-1-propylpiperidine (huntexil, pridopidine, ACR16). J Med Chem. 2010 Mar 25;53(6):2510-20. doi: 10.1021/jm901689v. [20155917 ]
  10. Patel MV, Kolasa T, Mortell K, Matulenko MA, Hakeem AA, Rohde JJ, Nelson SL, Cowart MD, Nakane M, Miller LN, Uchic ME, Terranova MA, El-Kouhen OF, Donnelly-Roberts DL, Namovic MT, Hollingsworth PR, Chang R, Martino BR, Wetter JM, Marsh KC, Martin R, Darbyshire JF, Gintant G, Hsieh GC, Moreland RB, Sullivan JP, Brioni JD, Stewart AO: Discovery of 3-methyl-N-(1-oxy-3',4',5',6'-tetrahydro-2'H-[2,4'-bipyridine]-1'-ylmethyl)benzam ide (ABT-670), an orally bioavailable dopamine D4 agonist for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. J Med Chem. 2006 Dec 14;49(25):7450-65. [17149874 ]
  11. Lin CH, Haadsma-Svensson SR, Lahti RA, McCall RB, Piercey MF, Schreur PJ, Von Voigtlander PF, Smith MW, Chidester CG: Centrally acting serotonergic and dopaminergic agents. 1. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 2,3,3a,4,5,9b-hexahydro-1H-benz[e]indole derivatives. J Med Chem. 1993 Apr 16;36(8):1053-68. [8097537 ]
  12. Lin CH, Haadsma-Svensson SR, Phillips G, Lahti RA, McCall RB, Piercey MF, Schreur PJ, Von Voigtlander PF, Smith MW, Chidester CG: Centrally acting serotonergic and dopaminergic agents. 2. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 2,3,3a,4,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-benz[f]indole derivatives. J Med Chem. 1993 Apr 16;36(8):1069-83. [8097538 ]
  13. Wright JL, Caprathe BW, Downing DM, Glase SA, Heffner TG, Jaen JC, Johnson SJ, Kesten SR, MacKenzie RG, Meltzer LT, et al.: The discovery and structure-activity relationships of 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-phenyl-1-[(arylcyclohexenyl)alkyl]pyridines. Dopamine autoreceptor agonists and potential antipsychotic agents. J Med Chem. 1994 Oct 14;37(21):3523-33. [7932581 ]
  14. Sipos A, Csutoras C, Berenyi S, Uustare A, Rinken A: Synthesis and neuropharmacological characterization of 2-O-substituted apomorphines. Bioorg Med Chem. 2008 Apr 15;16(8):4563-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.02.038. Epub 2008 Feb 15. [18313931 ]
  15. Linnanen T, Brisander M, Unelius L, Sundholm G, Hacksell U, Johansson AM: Derivatives of (R)-1,11-methyleneaporphine: synthesis, structure, and interactions with G-protein coupled receptors. J Med Chem. 2000 Apr 6;43(7):1339-49. [10753471 ]
  16. Hedberg MH, Johansson AM, Nordvall G, Yliniemela A, Li HB, Martin AR, Hjorth S, Unelius L, Sundell S, Hacksell U: (R)-11-hydroxy- and (R)-11-hydroxy-10-methylaporphine: synthesis, pharmacology, and modeling of D2A and 5-HT1A receptor interactions. J Med Chem. 1995 Feb 17;38(4):647-58. [7861413 ]
  17. Hedberg MH, Jansen JM, Nordvall G, Hjorth S, Unelius L, Johansson AM: 10-substituted 11-oxygenated (R)-aporphines: synthesis, pharmacology, and modeling of 5-HT1A receptor interactions. J Med Chem. 1996 Aug 30;39(18):3491-502. [8784447 ]
  18. Hedberg MH, Linnanen T, Jansen JM, Nordvall G, Hjorth S, Unelius L, Johansson AM: 11-substituted (R)-aporphines: synthesis, pharmacology, and modeling of D2A and 5-HT1A receptor interactions. J Med Chem. 1996 Aug 30;39(18):3503-13. [8784448 ]
  19. Linnanen T, Brisander M, Unelius L, Rosqvist S, Nordvall G, Hacksell U, Johansson AM: Atropisomeric derivatives of 2',6'-disubstituted (R)-11-phenylaporphine: selective serotonin 5-HT(7) receptor antagonists. J Med Chem. 2001 Apr 26;44(9):1337-40. [11311055 ]
  20. Reinart-Okugbeni R, Ausmees K, Kriis K, Werner F, Rinken A, Kanger T: Chemoenzymatic synthesis and evaluation of 3-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane derivatives as dopaminergic ligands. Eur J Med Chem. 2012 Sep;55:255-61. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.07.025. Epub 2012 Jul 24. [22846798 ]
  21. Reinart-Okugbeni R, Vonk A, Uustare A, Gyulai Z, Sipos A, Rinken A: 1-substituted apomorphines as potent dopamine agonists. Bioorg Med Chem. 2013 Jul 15;21(14):4143-50. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.05.014. Epub 2013 May 16. [23727194 ]
  22. Liu Z, Chen X, Yu L, Zhen X, Zhang A: Synthesis and pharmacological investigation of novel 2-aminothiazole-privileged aporphines. Bioorg Med Chem. 2008 Jul 15;16(14):6675-81. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.077. Epub 2008 Jun 5. [18562201 ]
  23. Sonesson C, Lin CH, Hansson L, Waters N, Svensson K, Carlsson A, Smith MW, Wikstrom H: Substituted (S)-phenylpiperidines and rigid congeners as preferential dopamine autoreceptor antagonists: synthesis and structure-activity relationships. J Med Chem. 1994 Aug 19;37(17):2735-53. [8064801 ]
Target Details
2. D(1A) dopamine receptor
General Function:
G-protein coupled amine receptor activity
Specific Function:
Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.
Gene Name:
DRD1
Uniprot ID:
P21728
Molecular Weight:
49292.765 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
Inhibitory0.0046 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
Inhibitory0.072 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
Inhibitory0.29 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
Inhibitory0.37154 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
Inhibitory0.4 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
Inhibitory0.65 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
Inhibitory0.66 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
Inhibitory0.68 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
Dissociation0.68 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
References
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [11752352 ]
  2. Guo H, Tang Z, Yu Y, Xu L, Jin G, Zhou J: Apomorphine induces trophic factors that support fetal rat mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in cultures. Eur J Neurosci. 2002 Nov;16(10):1861-70. [12453049 ]
  3. Brusniak MY, Pearlman RS, Neve KA, Wilcox RE: Comparative molecular field analysis-based prediction of drug affinities at recombinant D1A dopamine receptors. J Med Chem. 1996 Feb 16;39(4):850-9. [8632409 ]
  4. Sromek AW, Si YG, Zhang T, George SR, Seeman P, Neumeyer JL: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of N-Fluoroalkyl and 2-Fluoroalkoxy Substituted Aporphines: Potential PET Ligands for Dopamine D(2) Receptors. ACS Med Chem Lett. 2011 Mar 10;2(3):189-194. [21666830 ]
  5. Herm L, Berenyi S, Vonk A, Rinken A, Sipos A: N-Substituted-2-alkyl- and 2-arylnorapomorphines: novel, highly active D2 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem. 2009 Jul 1;17(13):4756-62. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.04.047. Epub 2009 May 3. [19454369 ]
  6. Reinart R, Gyulai Z, Berenyi S, Antus S, Vonk A, Rinken A, Sipos A: New 2-thioether-substituted apomorphines as potent and selective dopamine D(2) receptor agonists. Eur J Med Chem. 2011 Jul;46(7):2992-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.04.028. Epub 2011 Apr 22. [21550699 ]
  7. Liu Z, Chen X, Yu L, Zhen X, Zhang A: Synthesis and pharmacological investigation of novel 2-aminothiazole-privileged aporphines. Bioorg Med Chem. 2008 Jul 15;16(14):6675-81. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.077. Epub 2008 Jun 5. [18562201 ]
  8. Millan MJ, Maiofiss L, Cussac D, Audinot V, Boutin JA, Newman-Tancredi A: Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. I. A multivariate analysis of the binding profiles of 14 drugs at 21 native and cloned human receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Nov;303(2):791-804. [12388666 ]
  9. Toll L, Berzetei-Gurske IP, Polgar WE, Brandt SR, Adapa ID, Rodriguez L, Schwartz RW, Haggart D, O'Brien A, White A, Kennedy JM, Craymer K, Farrington L, Auh JS: Standard binding and functional assays related to medications development division testing for potential cocaine and opiate narcotic treatment medications. NIDA Res Monogr. 1998 Mar;178:440-66. [9686407 ]
  10. Reinart-Okugbeni R, Ausmees K, Kriis K, Werner F, Rinken A, Kanger T: Chemoenzymatic synthesis and evaluation of 3-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane derivatives as dopaminergic ligands. Eur J Med Chem. 2012 Sep;55:255-61. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.07.025. Epub 2012 Jul 24. [22846798 ]
  11. Sunahara RK, Guan HC, O'Dowd BF, Seeman P, Laurier LG, Ng G, George SR, Torchia J, Van Tol HH, Niznik HB: Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D5 receptor with higher affinity for dopamine than D1. Nature. 1991 Apr 18;350(6319):614-9. [1826762 ]
  12. Ryman-Rasmussen JP, Nichols DE, Mailman RB: Differential activation of adenylate cyclase and receptor internalization by novel dopamine D1 receptor agonists. Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Oct;68(4):1039-48. Epub 2005 Jun 28. [15985612 ]
Target Details
3. D(4) dopamine receptor
General Function:
Sh3 domain binding
Specific Function:
Dopamine receptor responsible for neuronal signaling in the mesolimbic system of the brain, an area of the brain that regulates emotion and complex behavior. Its activity is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase. Modulates the circadian rhythm of contrast sensitivity by regulating the rhythmic expression of NPAS2 in the retinal ganglion cells (By similarity).
Gene Name:
DRD4
Uniprot ID:
P21917
Molecular Weight:
48359.86 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
Inhibitory0.0089 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
References
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [11752352 ]
  2. Mansbach RS, Brooks EW, Sanner MA, Zorn SH: Selective dopamine D4 receptor antagonists reverse apomorphine-induced blockade of prepulse inhibition. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1998 Jan;135(2):194-200. [9497025 ]
  3. Sanner MA, Chappie TA, Dunaiskis AR, Fliri AF, Desai KA, Zorn SH, Jackson ER, Johnson CG, Morrone JM, Seymour PA, Majchrzak MJ, Faraci WS, Collins JL, Duignan DB, Prete Di CC, Lee JS, Trozzi A: Synthesis, SAR and pharmacology of CP-293,019: a potent, selective dopamine D4 receptor antagonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 1998 Apr 7;8(7):725-30. [9871530 ]
  4. Succu S, Sanna F, Melis T, Boi A, Argiolas A, Melis MR: Stimulation of dopamine receptors in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus of male rats induces penile erection and increases extra-cellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens: Involvement of central oxytocin. Neuropharmacology. 2007 Mar;52(3):1034-43. Epub 2006 Dec 11. [17164075 ]
  5. Boeckler F, Russig H, Zhang W, Lober S, Schetz J, Hubner H, Ferger B, Gmeiner P, Feldon J: FAUC 213, a highly selective dopamine D4 receptor full antagonist, exhibits atypical antipsychotic properties in behavioural and neurochemical models of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004 Aug;175(1):7-17. Epub 2004 Mar 6. [15007532 ]
  6. Melis MR, Succu S, Sanna F, Melis T, Mascia MS, Enguehard-Gueiffier C, Hubner H, Gmeiner P, Gueiffier A, Argiolas A: PIP3EA and PD-168077, two selective dopamine D4 receptor agonists, induce penile erection in male rats: site and mechanism of action in the brain. Eur J Neurosci. 2006 Oct;24(7):2021-30. [17067298 ]
  7. Patel MV, Kolasa T, Mortell K, Matulenko MA, Hakeem AA, Rohde JJ, Nelson SL, Cowart MD, Nakane M, Miller LN, Uchic ME, Terranova MA, El-Kouhen OF, Donnelly-Roberts DL, Namovic MT, Hollingsworth PR, Chang R, Martino BR, Wetter JM, Marsh KC, Martin R, Darbyshire JF, Gintant G, Hsieh GC, Moreland RB, Sullivan JP, Brioni JD, Stewart AO: Discovery of 3-methyl-N-(1-oxy-3',4',5',6'-tetrahydro-2'H-[2,4'-bipyridine]-1'-ylmethyl)benzam ide (ABT-670), an orally bioavailable dopamine D4 agonist for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. J Med Chem. 2006 Dec 14;49(25):7450-65. [17149874 ]
Target Details
4. 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A
General Function:
Serotonin receptor activity
Specific Function:
G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for various drugs and psychoactive substances. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Beta-arrestin family members inhibit signaling via G proteins and mediate activation of alternative signaling pathways. Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase activity and activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system that regulates the release of Ca(2+) ions from intracellular stores. Plays a role in the regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine release and in the regulation of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism. Plays a role in the regulation of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in the brain, and thereby affects neural activity, mood and behavior. Plays a role in the response to anxiogenic stimuli.
Gene Name:
HTR1A
Uniprot ID:
P08908
Molecular Weight:
46106.335 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
Inhibitory0.296 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
Inhibitory0.534 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
Inhibitory4.929 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
References
  1. Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [18691132 ]
  2. Linnanen T, Brisander M, Unelius L, Sundholm G, Hacksell U, Johansson AM: Derivatives of (R)-1,11-methyleneaporphine: synthesis, structure, and interactions with G-protein coupled receptors. J Med Chem. 2000 Apr 6;43(7):1339-49. [10753471 ]
  3. Linnanen T, Brisander M, Unelius L, Rosqvist S, Nordvall G, Hacksell U, Johansson AM: Atropisomeric derivatives of 2',6'-disubstituted (R)-11-phenylaporphine: selective serotonin 5-HT(7) receptor antagonists. J Med Chem. 2001 Apr 26;44(9):1337-40. [11311055 ]
  4. Moon MW, Morris JK, Heier RF, Chidester CG, Hoffmann WE, Piercey MF, Althaus JS, Von Voigtlander PF, Evans DL, Figur LM, et al.: Dopaminergic and serotonergic activities of imidazoquinolinones and related compounds. J Med Chem. 1992 Mar 20;35(6):1076-92. [1348089 ]
  5. Toll L, Berzetei-Gurske IP, Polgar WE, Brandt SR, Adapa ID, Rodriguez L, Schwartz RW, Haggart D, O'Brien A, White A, Kennedy JM, Craymer K, Farrington L, Auh JS: Standard binding and functional assays related to medications development division testing for potential cocaine and opiate narcotic treatment medications. NIDA Res Monogr. 1998 Mar;178:440-66. [9686407 ]
Target Details
5. D(3) dopamine receptor
General Function:
G-protein coupled amine receptor activity
Specific Function:
Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase. Promotes cell proliferation.
Gene Name:
DRD3
Uniprot ID:
P35462
Molecular Weight:
44224.335 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
Inhibitory0.0026 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
Inhibitory0.0078 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
Inhibitory0.01 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
References
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [11752352 ]
  2. Sromek AW, Si YG, Zhang T, George SR, Seeman P, Neumeyer JL: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of N-Fluoroalkyl and 2-Fluoroalkoxy Substituted Aporphines: Potential PET Ligands for Dopamine D(2) Receptors. ACS Med Chem Lett. 2011 Mar 10;2(3):189-194. [21666830 ]
  3. Wright JL, Caprathe BW, Downing DM, Glase SA, Heffner TG, Jaen JC, Johnson SJ, Kesten SR, MacKenzie RG, Meltzer LT, et al.: The discovery and structure-activity relationships of 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-phenyl-1-[(arylcyclohexenyl)alkyl]pyridines. Dopamine autoreceptor agonists and potential antipsychotic agents. J Med Chem. 1994 Oct 14;37(21):3523-33. [7932581 ]
  4. Reinart-Okugbeni R, Ausmees K, Kriis K, Werner F, Rinken A, Kanger T: Chemoenzymatic synthesis and evaluation of 3-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane derivatives as dopaminergic ligands. Eur J Med Chem. 2012 Sep;55:255-61. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.07.025. Epub 2012 Jul 24. [22846798 ]
Target Details
6. D(1B) dopamine receptor
General Function:
G-protein coupled amine receptor activity
Specific Function:
Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.
Gene Name:
DRD5
Uniprot ID:
P21918
Molecular Weight:
52950.5 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
Inhibitory0.01479 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
Inhibitory0.363 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
References
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [11752352 ]
  2. Millan MJ, Maiofiss L, Cussac D, Audinot V, Boutin JA, Newman-Tancredi A: Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. I. A multivariate analysis of the binding profiles of 14 drugs at 21 native and cloned human receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Nov;303(2):791-804. [12388666 ]
  3. Sunahara RK, Guan HC, O'Dowd BF, Seeman P, Laurier LG, Ng G, George SR, Torchia J, Van Tol HH, Niznik HB: Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D5 receptor with higher affinity for dopamine than D1. Nature. 1991 Apr 18;350(6319):614-9. [1826762 ]
Target Details
7. 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B
General Function:
Serotonin receptor activity
Specific Function:
G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for ergot alkaloid derivatives, various anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs and other psychoactive substances, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase activity. Arrestin family members inhibit signaling via G proteins and mediate activation of alternative signaling pathways. Regulates the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine and acetylcholine in the brain, and thereby affects neural activity, nociceptive processing, pain perception, mood and behavior. Besides, plays a role in vasoconstriction of cerebral arteries.
Gene Name:
HTR1B
Uniprot ID:
P28222
Molecular Weight:
43567.535 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
Inhibitory2.95121 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
References
  1. Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [18691132 ]
  2. Millan MJ, Maiofiss L, Cussac D, Audinot V, Boutin JA, Newman-Tancredi A: Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. I. A multivariate analysis of the binding profiles of 14 drugs at 21 native and cloned human receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Nov;303(2):791-804. [12388666 ]
Target Details
8. 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D
General Function:
Serotonin receptor activity
Specific Function:
G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for ergot alkaloid derivatives, various anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs and other psychoactive substances. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase activity. Regulates the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the brain, and thereby affects neural activity. May also play a role in regulating the release of other neurotransmitters. May play a role in vasoconstriction.
Gene Name:
HTR1D
Uniprot ID:
P28221
Molecular Weight:
41906.38 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
Inhibitory1.23027 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
References
  1. Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [18691132 ]
  2. Millan MJ, Maiofiss L, Cussac D, Audinot V, Boutin JA, Newman-Tancredi A: Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. I. A multivariate analysis of the binding profiles of 14 drugs at 21 native and cloned human receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Nov;303(2):791-804. [12388666 ]
Target Details
9. 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A
General Function:
Virus receptor activity
Specific Function:
G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for various drugs and psychoactive substances, including mescaline, psilocybin, 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors. Beta-arrestin family members inhibit signaling via G proteins and mediate activation of alternative signaling pathways. Signaling activates phospholipase C and a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system that modulates the activity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and promotes the release of Ca(2+) ions from intracellular stores. Affects neural activity, perception, cognition and mood. Plays a role in the regulation of behavior, including responses to anxiogenic situations and psychoactive substances. Plays a role in intestinal smooth muscle contraction, and may play a role in arterial vasoconstriction.(Microbial infection) Acts as a receptor for human JC polyomavirus/JCPyV.
Gene Name:
HTR2A
Uniprot ID:
P28223
Molecular Weight:
52602.58 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
Inhibitory0.12023 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
References
  1. Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [18691132 ]
  2. Millan MJ, Maiofiss L, Cussac D, Audinot V, Boutin JA, Newman-Tancredi A: Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. I. A multivariate analysis of the binding profiles of 14 drugs at 21 native and cloned human receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Nov;303(2):791-804. [12388666 ]
Target Details
10. 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B
General Function:
Serotonin receptor activity
Specific Function:
G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for various ergot alkaloid derivatives and psychoactive substances. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors. Beta-arrestin family members inhibit signaling via G proteins and mediate activation of alternative signaling pathways. Signaling activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system that modulates the activity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and down-stream signaling cascades and promotes the release of Ca(2+) ions from intracellular stores. Plays a role in the regulation of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine release, 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake and in the regulation of extracellular dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels, and thereby affects neural activity. May play a role in the perception of pain. Plays a role in the regulation of behavior, including impulsive behavior. Required for normal proliferation of embryonic cardiac myocytes and normal heart development. Protects cardiomyocytes against apoptosis. Plays a role in the adaptation of pulmonary arteries to chronic hypoxia. Plays a role in vasoconstriction. Required for normal osteoblast function and proliferation, and for maintaining normal bone density. Required for normal proliferation of the interstitial cells of Cajal in the intestine.
Gene Name:
HTR2B
Uniprot ID:
P41595
Molecular Weight:
54297.41 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
Inhibitory0.13183 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
References
  1. Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [18691132 ]
  2. Millan MJ, Maiofiss L, Cussac D, Audinot V, Boutin JA, Newman-Tancredi A: Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. I. A multivariate analysis of the binding profiles of 14 drugs at 21 native and cloned human receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Nov;303(2):791-804. [12388666 ]
Target Details
11. 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C
General Function:
Serotonin receptor activity
Specific Function:
G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for various drugs and psychoactive substances, including ergot alkaloid derivatives, 1-2,5,-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl-2-aminopropane (DOI) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors. Beta-arrestin family members inhibit signaling via G proteins and mediate activation of alternative signaling pathways. Signaling activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system that modulates the activity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and down-stream signaling cascades and promotes the release of Ca(2+) ions from intracellular stores. Regulates neuronal activity via the activation of short transient receptor potential calcium channels in the brain, and thereby modulates the activation of pro-opiomelacortin neurons and the release of CRH that then regulates the release of corticosterone. Plays a role in the regulation of appetite and eating behavior, responses to anxiogenic stimuli and stress. Plays a role in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis.
Gene Name:
HTR2C
Uniprot ID:
P28335
Molecular Weight:
51820.705 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
Inhibitory0.10233 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
References
  1. Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [18691132 ]
  2. Millan MJ, Maiofiss L, Cussac D, Audinot V, Boutin JA, Newman-Tancredi A: Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. I. A multivariate analysis of the binding profiles of 14 drugs at 21 native and cloned human receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Nov;303(2):791-804. [12388666 ]
Target Details
12. Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor
General Function:
Thioesterase binding
Specific Function:
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The rank order of potency for agonists of this receptor is oxymetazoline > clonidine > epinephrine > norepinephrine > phenylephrine > dopamine > p-synephrine > p-tyramine > serotonin = p-octopamine. For antagonists, the rank order is yohimbine > phentolamine = mianserine > chlorpromazine = spiperone = prazosin > propanolol > alprenolol = pindolol.
Gene Name:
ADRA2A
Uniprot ID:
P08913
Molecular Weight:
48956.275 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
Inhibitory0.14125 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
References
  1. Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [18691132 ]
  2. Millan MJ, Maiofiss L, Cussac D, Audinot V, Boutin JA, Newman-Tancredi A: Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. I. A multivariate analysis of the binding profiles of 14 drugs at 21 native and cloned human receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Nov;303(2):791-804. [12388666 ]
Target Details
13. Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor
General Function:
Epinephrine binding
Specific Function:
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The rank order of potency for agonists of this receptor is clonidine > norepinephrine > epinephrine = oxymetazoline > dopamine > p-tyramine = phenylephrine > serotonin > p-synephrine / p-octopamine. For antagonists, the rank order is yohimbine > chlorpromazine > phentolamine > mianserine > spiperone > prazosin > alprenolol > propanolol > pindolol.
Gene Name:
ADRA2B
Uniprot ID:
P18089
Molecular Weight:
49565.8 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
Inhibitory0.06607 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
References
  1. Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [18691132 ]
  2. Millan MJ, Maiofiss L, Cussac D, Audinot V, Boutin JA, Newman-Tancredi A: Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. I. A multivariate analysis of the binding profiles of 14 drugs at 21 native and cloned human receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Nov;303(2):791-804. [12388666 ]
Target Details
14. Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor
General Function:
Protein homodimerization activity
Specific Function:
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins.
Gene Name:
ADRA2C
Uniprot ID:
P18825
Molecular Weight:
49521.585 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
Inhibitory0.03631 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
References
  1. Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [18691132 ]
  2. Millan MJ, Maiofiss L, Cussac D, Audinot V, Boutin JA, Newman-Tancredi A: Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. I. A multivariate analysis of the binding profiles of 14 drugs at 21 native and cloned human receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Nov;303(2):791-804. [12388666 ]
Target Details
15. Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor
General Function:
Protein heterodimerization activity
Specific Function:
This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) proteins. Nuclear ADRA1A-ADRA1B heterooligomers regulate phenylephrine (PE)-stimulated ERK signaling in cardiac myocytes.
Gene Name:
ADRA1B
Uniprot ID:
P35368
Molecular Weight:
56835.375 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
Inhibitory0.67608 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
References
  1. Millan MJ, Maiofiss L, Cussac D, Audinot V, Boutin JA, Newman-Tancredi A: Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. I. A multivariate analysis of the binding profiles of 14 drugs at 21 native and cloned human receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Nov;303(2):791-804. [12388666 ]
Target Details
16. Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor
General Function:
Alpha1-adrenergic receptor activity
Specific Function:
This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its effect through the influx of extracellular calcium.
Gene Name:
ADRA1D
Uniprot ID:
P25100
Molecular Weight:
60462.205 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
Inhibitory0.06457 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
References
  1. Millan MJ, Maiofiss L, Cussac D, Audinot V, Boutin JA, Newman-Tancredi A: Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. I. A multivariate analysis of the binding profiles of 14 drugs at 21 native and cloned human receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Nov;303(2):791-804. [12388666 ]
Target Details
17. Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
General Function:
Receptor signaling protein activity
Specific Function:
Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. This receptor binds epinephrine and norepinephrine with approximately equal affinity. Mediates Ras activation through G(s)-alpha- and cAMP-mediated signaling.
Gene Name:
ADRB1
Uniprot ID:
P08588
Molecular Weight:
51322.1 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
Inhibitory>10 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
References
  1. Millan MJ, Maiofiss L, Cussac D, Audinot V, Boutin JA, Newman-Tancredi A: Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. I. A multivariate analysis of the binding profiles of 14 drugs at 21 native and cloned human receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Nov;303(2):791-804. [12388666 ]
Target Details
18. Neuron-specific vesicular protein calcyon
General Function:
Clathrin light chain binding
Specific Function:
Interacts with clathrin light chain A and stimulates clathrin self-assembly and clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
Gene Name:
CALY
Uniprot ID:
Q9NYX4
Molecular Weight:
23433.49 Da
References
  1. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [11752352 ]
Target Details
19. Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1
General Function:
Opioid receptor activity
Specific Function:
Functions in lipid transport from the endoplasmic reticulum and is involved in a wide array of cellular functions probably through regulation of the biogenesis of lipid microdomains at the plasma membrane. Involved in the regulation of different receptors it plays a role in BDNF signaling and EGF signaling. Also regulates ion channels like the potassium channel and could modulate neurotransmitter release. Plays a role in calcium signaling through modulation together with ANK2 of the ITP3R-dependent calcium efflux at the endoplasmic reticulum. Plays a role in several other cell functions including proliferation, survival and death. Originally identified for its ability to bind various psychoactive drugs it is involved in learning processes, memory and mood alteration (PubMed:16472803, PubMed:9341151). Necessary for proper mitochondrial axonal transport in motor neurons, in particular the retrograde movement of mitochondria (By similarity).
Gene Name:
SIGMAR1
Uniprot ID:
Q99720
Molecular Weight:
25127.52 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
IC50>10 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
IC50>31 uMNot AvailableBindingDB 50001955
References
  1. Kimes AS, Wilson AA, Scheffel U, Campbell BG, London ED: Radiosynthesis, cerebral distribution, and binding of [125I]-1-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(1-adamantyl)guanidine, a ligand for sigma binding sites. J Med Chem. 1992 Dec 11;35(25):4683-9. [1469697 ]
Target Details
20. Estrogen receptor
General Function:
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:
Nuclear hormone receptor. The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Ligand-dependent nuclear transactivation involves either direct homodimer binding to a palindromic estrogen response element (ERE) sequence or association with other DNA-binding transcription factors, such as AP-1/c-Jun, c-Fos, ATF-2, Sp1 and Sp3, to mediate ERE-independent signaling. Ligand binding induces a conformational change allowing subsequent or combinatorial association with multiprotein coactivator complexes through LXXLL motifs of their respective components. Mutual transrepression occurs between the estrogen receptor (ER) and NF-kappa-B in a cell-type specific manner. Decreases NF-kappa-B DNA-binding activity and inhibits NF-kappa-B-mediated transcription from the IL6 promoter and displace RELA/p65 and associated coregulators from the promoter. Recruited to the NF-kappa-B response element of the CCL2 and IL8 promoters and can displace CREBBP. Present with NF-kappa-B components RELA/p65 and NFKB1/p50 on ERE sequences. Can also act synergistically with NF-kappa-B to activate transcription involving respective recruitment adjacent response elements; the function involves CREBBP. Can activate the transcriptional activity of TFF1. Also mediates membrane-initiated estrogen signaling involving various kinase cascades. Isoform 3 is involved in activation of NOS3 and endothelial nitric oxide production. Isoforms lacking one or several functional domains are thought to modulate transcriptional activity by competitive ligand or DNA binding and/or heterodimerization with the full length receptor. Essential for MTA1-mediated transcriptional regulation of BRCA1 and BCAS3. Isoform 3 can bind to ERE and inhibit isoform 1.
Gene Name:
ESR1
Uniprot ID:
P03372
Molecular Weight:
66215.45 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
AC500.00 uMNVS_NR_hERNovascreen
References
  1. Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
Target Details
21. Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2
General Function:
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:
Nuclear receptor that binds and is activated by variety of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. Transcription factor that activates the transcription of multiple genes involved in the metabolism and secretion of potentially harmful xenobiotics, drugs and endogenous compounds. Activated by the antibiotic rifampicin and various plant metabolites, such as hyperforin, guggulipid, colupulone, and isoflavones. Response to specific ligands is species-specific. Activated by naturally occurring steroids, such as pregnenolone and progesterone. Binds to a response element in the promoters of the CYP3A4 and ABCB1/MDR1 genes.
Gene Name:
NR1I2
Uniprot ID:
O75469
Molecular Weight:
49761.245 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
AC505.12 uMATG_PXR_TRANSAttagene
AC501.54 uMATG_PXRE_CISAttagene
AC500.15 uMNVS_NR_hPXRNovascreen
References
  1. Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
Target Details
22. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
General Function:
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:
Ligand-activated transcription factor. Key regulator of lipid metabolism. Activated by the endogenous ligand 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (16:0/18:1-GPC). Activated by oleylethanolamide, a naturally occurring lipid that regulates satiety. Receptor for peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Regulates the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Functions as transcription activator for the ACOX1 and P450 genes. Transactivation activity requires heterodimerization with RXRA and is antagonized by NR2C2. May be required for the propagation of clock information to metabolic pathways regulated by PER2.
Gene Name:
PPARA
Uniprot ID:
Q07869
Molecular Weight:
52224.595 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
AC507.01 uMATG_PPRE_CISAttagene
AC500.26 uMNVS_NR_hPPARaNovascreen
References
  1. Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
Target Details
23. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
General Function:
Transcription regulatory region dna binding
Specific Function:
Ligand-activated transcriptional activator. Binds to the XRE promoter region of genes it activates. Activates the expression of multiple phase I and II xenobiotic chemical metabolizing enzyme genes (such as the CYP1A1 gene). Mediates biochemical and toxic effects of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. Involved in cell-cycle regulation. Likely to play an important role in the development and maturation of many tissues. Regulates the circadian clock by inhibiting the basal and circadian expression of the core circadian component PER1. Inhibits PER1 by repressing the CLOCK-ARNTL/BMAL1 heterodimer mediated transcriptional activation of PER1.
Gene Name:
AHR
Uniprot ID:
P35869
Molecular Weight:
96146.705 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
AC500.50 uMATG_Ahr_CISAttagene
AC500.92 uMTox21_AhRTox21/NCGC
References
  1. Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
Target Details
24. Translocator protein
General Function:
Cholesterol binding
Specific Function:
Can bind protoporphyrin IX and may play a role in the transport of porphyrins and heme (By similarity). Promotes the transport of cholesterol across mitochondrial membranes and may play a role in lipid metabolism (PubMed:24814875), but its precise physiological role is controversial. It is apparently not required for steroid hormone biosynthesis. Was initially identified as peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor; can also bind isoquinoline carboxamides (PubMed:1847678).
Gene Name:
TSPO
Uniprot ID:
P30536
Molecular Weight:
18827.81 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
AC501.71 uMNVS_MP_hPBRNovascreen
References
  1. Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
Target Details
25. Retinoic acid receptor gamma
General Function:
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function:
Receptor for retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptors bind as heterodimers to their target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, and regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The RAR/RXR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5. In the absence of ligand, acts mainly as an activator of gene expression due to weak binding to corepressors. Required for limb bud development. In concert with RARA or RARB, required for skeletal growth, matrix homeostasis and growth plate function (By similarity).
Gene Name:
RARG
Uniprot ID:
P13631
Molecular Weight:
50341.405 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
AC502.24 uMATG_DR5_CISAttagene
AC502.42 uMATG_RARg_TRANSAttagene
References
  1. Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
Target Details
26. Proto-oncogene c-Fos
General Function:
Transcriptional activator activity, rna polymerase ii core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding
Specific Function:
Nuclear phosphoprotein which forms a tight but non-covalently linked complex with the JUN/AP-1 transcription factor. In the heterodimer, FOS and JUN/AP-1 basic regions each seems to interact with symmetrical DNA half sites. On TGF-beta activation, forms a multimeric SMAD3/SMAD4/JUN/FOS complex at the AP1/SMAD-binding site to regulate TGF-beta-mediated signaling. Has a critical function in regulating the development of cells destined to form and maintain the skeleton. It is thought to have an important role in signal transduction, cell proliferation and differentiation. In growing cells, activates phospholipid synthesis, possibly by activating CDS1 and PI4K2A. This activity requires Tyr-dephosphorylation and association with the endoplasmic reticulum.
Gene Name:
FOS
Uniprot ID:
P01100
Molecular Weight:
40694.855 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
AC504.73 uMATG_AP_1_CISAttagene
References
  1. Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]
Target Details
27. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
General Function:
Transcriptional activator activity, rna polymerase ii distal enhancer sequence-specific binding
Specific Function:
Transcription activator that binds to antioxidant response (ARE) elements in the promoter regions of target genes. Important for the coordinated up-regulation of genes in response to oxidative stress. May be involved in the transcriptional activation of genes of the beta-globin cluster by mediating enhancer activity of hypersensitive site 2 of the beta-globin locus control region.
Gene Name:
NFE2L2
Uniprot ID:
Q16236
Molecular Weight:
67825.9 Da
Binding/Activity Constants
TypeValueAssay TypeAssay Source
AC508.13 uMATG_NRF2_ARE_CISAttagene
References
  1. Sipes NS, Martin MT, Kothiya P, Reif DM, Judson RS, Richard AM, Houck KA, Dix DJ, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB: Profiling 976 ToxCast chemicals across 331 enzymatic and receptor signaling assays. Chem Res Toxicol. 2013 Jun 17;26(6):878-95. doi: 10.1021/tx400021f. Epub 2013 May 16. [23611293 ]